Midterm - Anesthesia/diagnostic Imaging

Front 1

Ketamine is a good choice in cats, for treatment of pain caused by spaying.

True or False

Back 1

FALSE

Front 2

The GOAL OF ANESTHETIST – provide adequate analgesia and sedation to allow the animal to move, eat and sleep without undue discomfort – particularly in first _________ hours.

Back 2

12 hours

Front 3

Why is a preemptive use of analgesics recommended?

Back 3

Windup – the animal will have a chemical release of endorphins as an involuntary response to pain – so even if they are unaware of pain consciously (as when under anesthesia) the body will have a build up of these chemical mediators and then greater amounts of postoperative analgesia is required to control pain

Front 4

Good for somatic pain, but not visceral pain

Back 4

Aspirin

Front 5

Reduces Fever

Back 5

Antipyretic

Front 6

Good for both somatic and visceral pain

Back 6

Ketoprofen

Front 7

Slowly absorbed through skin

Back 7

Fentanyl

Front 8

Not recommended in small animals

Back 8

Acetominophen

Front 9

Pain may cause changes in physiologic parameters. What are they?

Back 9

Increased Blood Pressure, Increased Heart Rate, Increased Respirations, Dilated Pupils,

Pale Mucous Membranes

Front 10

Commonly used preanesthetic drugs do little for postoperative pain. True or False

Back 10

True

Front 11

The absence of pain - through the use of drugs or other modes of therapy.

Back 11

analgesia

Front 12

Abrupt onset, usually short duration

Back 12

Acute pain

Front 13

Felt in a body part other than that in which the cause is situated

Back 13

Refered pain

Front 14

Skin, SQ tissue, muscle, bone & joints are primarily tansmitted by both A & C fibers

Back 14

Somatic pain

Front 15

internal organs - promarily transmitted by C fibers only

Back 15

Visceral pain

Front 16

Slow onset, much longer duration

Back 16

Chronic pain

Front 17

Dull, aching or throbbing pain that cannot be localized to an exact location

Back 17

C fibers

Front 18

Pain source can be localized to an exact site

Back 18

A fibers

Front 19

four things that cause attenuation?

Back 19

Absorption, Reflection, Scattering, Refraction & Diffraction

Front 20

Younger animals' bones usually have a darker image on nuclear scintigraphy. True or Flase

Back 20

True

Front 21

With respect to Nuclear Medicine, the safeguards for personal protection, such as time distance and shielding are even less than with ultrasound. True or False

Back 21

False

Front 22

Air is ....?

Back 22

Hypoechoic

Front 23

Which of the following would cause acoustic shadowing?

Back 23

Bone

Front 24

Images the biochemistry of the body rather than the anatomical structures

Back 24

PET

Front 25

Used primarily for imaging central and peripheral nervous system diseases

Back 25

CT or CAT

Front 26

Images with extraordinary detail of body and brain with exceptional sensitivity in soft tissue resolution

Back 26

MRI

Front 27

Poor resolution images, but provide unique information about specific organs

Back 27

Nuclear Scintigraphy

Front 28

The bending of the sound beam as it crosses areas of differing tissue densities

Back 28

Refraction & Diffraction

Front 29

Affects the brightness of the image and allows the sonographer to compensate for attenuation of the sound wave as it travels through tissues

Back 29

Gain & Power

Front 30

The number of cycles per unit of time; dictates the amount of detail or resolution of the ultrasound image

Back 30

Frequency

Front 31

Progressive weakening of the sound wave as it passes through the tissues

Back 31

Attenuation

Front 32

Mode used primarily in cardiology to assess valve function, chamber size and wall thickness

Back 32

M-Mode

Front 33

Appears brighter (or whiter) than surrounding tissues; Greater echo reflection between two adjacent tissues

Back 33

Hyperechoic

Front 34

Sound converted into heat inside tissues causing loss of energy

Back 34

Absorption

Front 35

Contains 1 crystal: It alternately sends sound waves and recieves echoes

Back 35

Pulse wave transducer

Front 36

The redirection of the sound beam back to the transducer and the basis for the ultrasound image produced by the machine

Back 36

Reflection

Front 37

Mode with 2 dimensional graphics; Used for most veterinary applications

Back 37

B-Mode

Front 38

When sound is reflected in different directions from tissue interfaces and is unable to return to the transducer to form an image

Back 38

Scatter

Front 39

Area appears darker than surrounding tissues due to small percentage of sound reflected back

Back 39

Hypoechoic

Front 40

Mode with one dementional graphic display

Back 40

A-Mode

Front 41

Area is equal in appearance to that of surrounding tissues

Back 41

Isoechoic

Front 42

Contains 2 crystals: One constantly sends sound waves, while the other constantly one "listens"

Back 42

Continuous wave transducer

Front 43

The ability of living tissues to resist or allow the transmission of sound

Back 43

Acoustic Impedance

Front 44

What is the ideal substance used to couple the skin with the transducer?

Back 44

Ultrasound Gel

Front 45

______________ ray radiation is classified as ionizing radiation, while _____________ ray radiation is classified as electromagnetic radiation

Back 45

Beta, Gamma

Front 46

What additional view can be helpful for assessing a positive-contrast cystogram, especially in a male patient?

Back 46

Oblique

Front 47

The latent image on a photostimulable phosphor plate is read by a computed radiography processor (image reader device, or plate reader) using:

Back 47

A helium-neon laser

Front 48

In Computed Radiography why is it important to erase the image within 24 hours?

Back 48

The image may show up as a ghost artifact.

Front 49

Which view is contraindicated during an esophagography and why?

Back 49

Ventrodorsal; Potential for aspiration

Front 50

A binary number, composed of 2 digits, 0 and 1

Back 50

A bit

Front 51

Spatial Resolution of digital radiography systems is equal to or less than conventional screen film radiography, but contrast resolution is vastly superior. True or False

Back 51

True

Front 52

3 disadvantages of Digital Radiography

Back 52

Training learning curve Equipment costs The hospital's computer system must be compatable

Front 53

What is the purpose of a cleansing enema in urinary contrast studies?

Back 53

Elimination of gas artifacts

Front 54

When should urine be collected for lab work, if a cystogram is indicated?

Back 54

Before beginning the study

Front 55

This positive-contrast medium is completely insoluble in the gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed by the abdomen or thorax if leakage occurs.

Back 55

Barium Sulfate

Front 56

Which is more similar to traditional radiography, indirect digital radiography or direct digital radiography?

Back 56

Indirect is similar to conventional radiography, where we take a cassette (filmless digital plate) then put it into a processor (Image reading device) and out pops the x-ray (digital image on the screen).

Front 57

PACS is an acronym for:

Back 57

Picture Archiving and Communication System

Front 58

recommended for performing intravenous pyelography

Back 58

Fast 12 to 24 hours before

Front 59

Flat Panel Digital Imaging Systems allow you to use your existing x-ray machine in most instances. True or False

Back 59

True

Front 60

When doing a cystogram, you would:

Back 60

Place urinary catheter and infuse contrast directly into bladder

Front 61

In Computed Radiography, why is it best to process the image within a few hours?

Back 61

The latent image is temporary.

Front 62

Digital Radiography, with all of the available image manipulation tools, can make up for any radiographic image diagnostic, regardless of patient motion, malpositioning or gross over- or under- exposure. True of False

Back 62

False

Front 63

What is the most diagnostic examination of the gastric mucosal lining?

Back 63

Double-contrast gastrogram

Front 64

4 advantages of Digital Radiography.

Back 64

Image Quality and Manipulation, Time Savings, Storage, and Transport Cost Savings

Front 65

Radiopaque stones would be visualized on a survey radiograph, therefore eliminating the need for further studies. True or False?

Back 65

True

Front 66

Permitting passage of x-rays through to the film (general term)

Back 66

Radiolucent

Front 67

Positive Contrast Agent

Back 67

Barium Sulfate

Front 68

Obstructs passage of x-rays to the film (general term)

Back 68

Radiopaque

Front 69

Negative Contrast Agent

Back 69

Air & CO2

Front 70

What should be included in an x-ray of a limb joint?

Back 70

The bone distal and proximal to the joint of interest

Front 71

Please match the following areas of the darkroom.
Film storage
Loading of cassettes
Unloading of cassettes
Chemical processing
Film hangers
Manual Processing

Back 71

Dry
Dry
Dry

Wet
Dry
Wet

Front 72

The walls of a darkroom should be painted what color?

Back 72

White or Cream

Front 73

Rinses developer from film, Removes processing chemicals from film surface

Back 73

Water

Front 74

Converts latent image on film to visible image

Back 74

Developer

Front 75

Clears unexposed silver halide crystals from film

Back 75

Fixer

Front 76

5 specific qualities of a good darkroom

Back 76

Clean, Organized, Lightproof, Used only for processing radiographs, Climate controlled, Cool, Low Humidity, Good Ventilation

Front 77

What is the legal requirement regarding film labeling?

Back 77

All film labeling must be IN film emulsion.

Front 78

steps in film processing (in order).

Back 78

developer, rinsing, fixer, washing, drying

Front 79

Prevent excessive swelling of film emulsion

Back 79

hardeners

Front 80

Accelerates action and helps to neutralize any alkaline developer carried over into fixer tank

Back 80

acidifiers

Front 81

Helps maintain desired pH

Back 81

buffer

Front 82

Helps to carry silver halide away from film

Back 82

solvent

Front 83

Prevents decomposition of fixing agent

Back 83

Preservatives

Front 84

In general, what is the minimum number of views required for each anatomic area radiographed?

Back 84

2

Front 85

How long does Alabama law require a clinic to keep a radiograph?

Back 85

3 years

Front 86

In general how often should processing chemicals be replenished or replaced?

Back 86

every 3 months

Front 87

Where should the radiographic measurement be taken of an anatomic area?

Back 87

the thickest part

Front 88

What is the proper temperature for processing chemicals

Back 88

68F

Front 89

Where should the crosshairs be placed on the anatomic area of interest?

Back 89

In the center of the anatomic area of interest.

Front 90

95% of the exposure to the film is caused by the intensifying screens. True or False

Back 90

True

Front 91

True or False
-Preferably, phosphor crystals will continue to emit light after x-ray exposure ceases.
-Radiographic detail is directly proportional to screen speed.
-Rare Earth is in the blue light spectrum
-Rare Earth has 10 times the x-ray-to-light conversion than Calcium Tungstate.

Back 91

False

Front 92

4 layers of Film composition?

Back 92

Base, Adhesive, Emulsion, Protective

Front 93

What two things most commonly causes damage to cassettes?

Back 93

dropping, leaking fluid

Front 94

When would the "bucky" not be used in taking radiographs?

Back 94

When the part being exposed is <10cm

Front 95

example of a non-screen x-ray

Back 95

dental, Mobile unit for large animal

Front 96

An invisible image on the x-ray film AFTER it has been exposed by ionizing radiation and BEFORE the film has been processed is called _________________.

Back 96

Latent Image

Front 97

More grainy images - lacks definition, Requires less exposure, Less forgiving, Large silver halide crystals

Back 97

Fast Speed Film

Front 98

Most widely used, Par Speed

Back 98

Medium Speed Film

Front 99

Greater detail

Back 99

Slow Speed Film

Front 100

What vapors can cause film fogging?

Back 100

Formalin, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ammonia

Front 101

What are the four layers of Screen construction?

Back 101

Base

Reflective

Phosphor

Protective

Front 102

Please explain the parameters for cool room and low humidity in film care.

Back 102

10° to 15° C or 50° to 59° F
40% to 60%

Front 103

What is a common term for non-"bucky" exposures?

Back 103

tabletop

Front 104

What two things is a cassette designed to hold?

Back 104

X-Ray Film, Intensifying Screens

Front 105

True or False

-X-rays do not cause biologic changes in living tissue
-99% of energy produced from electrons interacting with the target is converted into X-ray energy
-Keeping an accurate X-ray log is not a requirement

Back 105

False

Front 106

True or False
-Photon have no electric charge
-The X-ray tube is where x-rays are generated

-KVP is the penetrating power of the X-ray

Back 106

True

Front 107

What type of x-ray machine utilizes a stationary anode?

Back 107

Dental Units or Portable Units for Large Animal Medicine

Front 108

What is the number one cause of X-Ray Tube failure?

Back 108

Operator error

Front 109

When would it not be necessary to utilize the Potter-Bucky Diaphragm?hen would it not be necessary to utilize the Potter-Bucky Diaphragm?

Back 109

On parts/patients being x-rayed that are 10 centimenters or less in thickness.

Front 110

What are the two purposes of the collimator?

Back 110

Prevents Unnecessary Patient Exposure, Decreases Production of Scatter Radiation

Front 111

Positively charged electrode

Back 111

Anode

Front 112

Negatively charged electrode

Back 112

Cathode

Front 113

Ristricting device that controls size of beam

Back 113

Collimation

Front 114

Measures radiation exposure

Back 114

Dosimeter

Front 115

Movable grid inside of x-ray table

Back 115

Bucky

Front 116

Absorbs non-image radiation

Back 116

Grid

Front 117

Please explain, in detail, what the HEEL Effect is and how you can use it to your advantage.

Back 117

More x-rays are emitted on the cathode side so the uneven distribution or x-rays can be advantagous by placing the thicker portion of the patient on that side, thereby balancing the the distribution of x-rays more evenly.

Front 118

Penetrating Power of X-rays, Radiographic Contrast, Electron Speed, Radiation Wavelength

Back 118

Kilovoltage

Front 119

Number of Electrons, Amount of X-rays, Exposure Time, Filament Temperature

Back 119

Amperage

Front 120

What kind of charges do Protons & Anodes have?

Back 120

Positive

Front 121

What kind of charges do Electrons & Cathodes have?

Back 121

Negative

Front 122

What kind of charge do Neutrons have?

Back 122

Neutral

Front 123

What are the 3 types of Radiation?

Back 123

Ionizing
Electromagnetic
Particulate

Front 124

______ ______ is the degree of blackness on the film

Back 124

Radiographic Density

Front 125

In general, if density is too light, an ajdustment should be made by

Back 125

Adding 10 to kVp setting

Front 126

Another name for a Radiographic Illuminator would be what?

Back 126

View Box

Front 127

True or False

Back 127

True

Front 128

1. What does the acronym ALARA stand for?

2. What is it specifically concerning?

Back 128

1. ALARA stands for as low as reasonably achieveable.

2. ALARA is specifically concerning ionizing radiation and making efforts to use the lowest dose of radiation possible.

Front 129

Who is responsible for a safe radiation environment?

Back 129

It is the practice owners responsibility.

Front 130

What specifically (3) are they responsible for?

Back 130

a. To ensure that proper radiation safety measures are observed; b. That the practice meets state and federal requirements; c. that personnel are properly instructed on safety protocols.

Front 131

Name the 4 Methods of Radiation Safety.

Back 131

Time

Distance
Shielding
Collimation

Front 132

What are the 3 types of geometric distortion?

Back 132

Elongation
Magnification
Foreshortening

Front 133

What is the cause of geometric distortion?

Back 133

When the area (or subject) of interest is not CLOSE to the film AND PARELLEL to the film, the image will be distorted and will lack detail.

Front 134

how to test for Grid Deterioration

Back 134

Place a cassette in the grid tray; do not put anything on the table top. Set the technical factors to 50 kV, 3 mAs and expose the film in the cassette. (You may have to use 65 kV for the digital image.) Process the image and review the film or review the image on the monitor. The image should be a medium light grey with no irregularities.

Front 135

Please explain why collimation is important for radiographic image quality.

Back 135

Collimation helps eliminate scatter radiation. Scatter radiation adds grayness and fuzziness to the image being radiographed. The grayness added decreases contrast within the image and reduces the quality of the image.

Front 136

Refers to the visible difference between two adjacent radiographic densities

Back 136

Radiographic Contrast

Front 137

Refers to what degree the shadows identified on the film clearly depict the anatomical features under investigation

Back 137

Radiographic Quality

Front 138

Refers to the edge of an anatomic structure

Back 138

Radiographic Detail

Front 139

Refers to the degree of darkness or blackness on the film

Back 139

Radiographic Density

Front 140

Radiographic Technique refers to what 2 things?

Back 140

kVp, mAs

Front 141

When x-rays hit the film, after developing, that area will turn ________________.

Back 141

Black

Front 142

Please describe the difference in long and short latitude for radiographic contrast.

Back 142

Latitude is the shades of gray from one end to the other on a scale of grays for a particular x-ray. Short latitude has less shades of gray with more black and white. Long latitude has more shades of gray and less black and white.

Front 143

Radiation should be ___________________, not ____________________."

Back 143

Respected not feared

Front 144

lease list the following from LEAST dense to MOST dense

choices: Metal, Soft Tissue, Fat, Bone, Gas

Back 144

Gas, Fat, Soft Tissue, Bone, Metal

Front 145

If the Radiographic Image Quality is described as "Over-penetrated", the Density would be described as what?

Back 145

High

Front 146

True or False. It is never ok to have your hands in the primary beam unless they are protected by lead gloves at least 0.5 mm in thickness.

Back 146

False

Front 147

Please explain why exposure factors might need to be adjusted due to ascites.

Back 147

Since acites is an accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, the caliper measurement might make the density too great since fluid is less dense than tissues.