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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is primary aging? |
Age related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable |
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What is an example of primary aging? |
Gray hair, wrinkles and changes in visual acuity |
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What is secondary aging? |
Age related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits or disease |
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What are the 4 determinants of health? |
1. Socioeconomic(50%)- 2. Health care system(25%)- only accounts for 25% of our health outcomes 3. Biology and genetics(15%)- organs and body systems, DNA 4. Physical environment(10%)- housing, safe workplaces and communities, clean air water soil |
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What of the benefits of social support? |
Lower risk of disease, death, and depression then adults with weaker social networks or less supportive relationships |
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When intimate partners get into a physical alteraction who is most likely to push, slap, kick their partner? |
Men and women are equally likely - but women are more likely to get injured |
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What is intimate partner violence? |
Physical acts intended to cause physical, psychological or sexual harm |
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Which province has the highest amount of partner violence? |
Sask |
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What are some characteristics of the abusers in intimate partner violence? |
- Irrational jealousy - Dependency and control - Mood swings - Temper and aggression - High school drop out - Unemployment - Substance abuse |
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What are some characteristics of the victims in partner violence? |
- Young women(16-24) - Limited education - Substance abuse |
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What are some ways to prevent partner violence? |
- Consistent law enforcement - Better training for first responders - Help for victims - Education programs |
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What are the 3 things that MDD and anxiety disorders have in common? |
- Sleep - Concentration - Fatigue |
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What is a personality disorder? |
Maladaptive patterns of behaviour and serious disturbances in functioning |
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When can individuals be diagnosed as having a personality disorder? |
Early adulthood |
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What is schizophrenia? |
Disturbances of though (delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking) - significant impairment in daily functioning |
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What did the seattle data on IQ scores show over time? |
IQ drops as age increases |
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What are the 2 types of intelligence? |
Crystallized and Fluid |
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What is crystallized intelligence? |
Education and experiences - maintained through early and middle adulthood |
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What is fluid intelligence? |
Basic abilities and functioning (less experience) - steady decline over time (age) |
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Whats shaping our health outcomes more then medical treatments or life choices? |
The living conditions canadians experience. - there is more income inequality in canada then there use to be |
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Do older individuals have new synapses forming, myelinization occuring and have old connections dying off? |
Yup - some parts of brain can even produce new neurons to replace that ones that died off |
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What is the problem with male sperm as they age? |
The chances of passing on genetic mutations associated with disorders to cancers increases exponentially |
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What do B cells do? |
Fight external threats by producing antibodies against viruses or bacteria |
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What do T cells do? |
Defend against internal threats like cancer cells |
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Do T cells or B cells decline most in number and efficiency with age? |
T cells |
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Which immune system functioning gland is central to the aging process and what happens to it over age? |
Thymus gland- declines in size and mass - weakened gland is unable to turn immature t cells into adult ones |
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What are 7 critical health habits? |
Exercise, not smoking, drinking, over/under eating or snacking, eating breakfast, getting regular sleep |
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Out of the 7 critical health habits which 2 werent correlated with death? |
snacking and eating breakfast |
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What is self efficacy? |
belief that ones ability to perform some action or to control one's behaviour or environment, to reach some goal or make something happen |
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What would someone with high self efficacy do in comparison to someone with low self efficacy? |
follow medical advice with regard to health problems -eg. chronic headaches |
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What is the locus of control? |
set of beliefs about the causes of events |
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What is the difference between someone who has an internal locus of control and someone who has an external locus of control? |
Someone with an internal locus of control sees herself capable of exerting some control over what happens to her, but someone with ELC believes other people or uncontrollable factors determine the future, such as luck |
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What would a pessimist believe? |
Feels helpless, believes that misfortune will last a long time, undermine everything and feel that it is their own fault |
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What would optimist believe? |
Believes that setbacks are temporary and caused by circumstances, convinced there is always some solution and will work things out |
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What are he effects of partner violence on individuals? |
Physical injury, sexual and reproductive disorders, homicide - fear, depression, low self-esteem |
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What is the difference btw level 1 2 3 sexual assault? |
1- kissing, touching, oral or anal sex, intercourse 2- with weapon resulting in harm 3- aggravated assault (wounding, maiming, disfiguring, |
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What psychosocial stage are adults in? What is the crisis? |
Intimacy vs isolation - intimacy is important either romantic or not in order to avoid social isolation |
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What is the Novice phase in Levinson's life structure? |
A period of adjustment when entering a period in which a new life structure is needed |
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What follows after the novice phase? |
Mid-era phase- becoming more competent at meeting the new challenges through reassessment and reorganization of the life structure they created during the novice phase |
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What follows the Mid-era phase? |
Culmination- when adults have succeeded in creating a life structure that allows them to manage the demands of new developmental challenges with more confidence and less distress |
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What is emerging childhood? |
Period from late teens o 20s where individuals explore options before committing to adult roles |
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What are the 5 domains must adults address developmental tasks in? |
- Academic - Friendship - Conduct - Work - Romantic |
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What do men look for in a women? |
Physically attractive, younger |
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What do women look for in a man? |
High SES who offers earning potential and stability |
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What is the parental investment theory? |
theory that sex differens in mate preferences is related to the different amounts of time that men and women spend child-rearing |
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What is the social role theory? |
Idea that sex differences in mating preferences are adaptations to gender roles |
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What is assortative mating? |
Mating with someone who has similar traits as you |
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Sternberg argues there are 3 components to love.. what are they? |
Intimacy- feelings that promote closeness and connectedness Passion- feelings of intense long for union with the other Commitment- to the other |
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What are the predictors of marriage? |
- Quality of relationships - Attachment - Love - Conflict management |
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What accounts for quality of relationships? |
- Intimacy more important then income - contribution from each partner - personality traits r important - attitudes |
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What factors account for attachment? |
- Each partners attachment to his family of origin |
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What are the 3 types of successful couples? |
Validating- partners express mutual respect and listen to each other Volatile- disagree and dont listen to each other very well by still have more positive then negative encounters Avoidant- agreeing to disagree |
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What are the 2 types of hostile couples? |
Hostile/engaged- frequent heated arguments, lack balancing effect of humor and affection Hostile/detached- fight regularly, rarely look at each other, lack of affection and support |
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How long does the average marriage last? |
14 years |
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What are the effects of divorce? |
- Mental health problems - Income issues |
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What is the divorce rate of marriages over 30 years in canada? |
38% |
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Why are cohabiting relationships shittier after the people get married? |
1- the 2 relationships r fundamentally different and change from a social and psychological perspective 2- cohabitors r less similar to each other than married couples, more likely to have affairs, more likely to be unhappy, depressed and increased domestic violence |
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What factors increase the risk for PPD? |
- Women who produce more steroid hormones, unplanned pregos, anxious about prego, unsupportive partner, major life stressors - fatigue and difficult temperament |
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What is the best predictor of PPD during pregnancy? |
Depression during pregnancy |
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What do we know about parents without children? |
They have greater stability and cohesion, tend to be closer to each other - greater income - full time careers |
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What are the 6 personality types? |
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional |
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Describe someone with a realistic personality? |
Aggressive, masculine, strong, low verbal/interpersonal skills - mechanic, electrician, surveyor |
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Investigative? |
Oriented toward thinking, organizing, planning, prefer challenging tasks but low in social skills - scientists, engineers |
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Artistic? |
Social- prefer unstructured, highly individual activity - artists |
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Social? |
Extraverts, sociable, attention seeking, avoid intellectual activity, dislike highly ordered activity, prefer to work with people - nursing, education |
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Enterprising? |
Highly verbal and dominating, enjoy organizing and directing others, persuasive, strong leaders - sales |
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Conventional? |
Prefer structured activities and subordinate roles, like guidelines - bookkeeping or filing |
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What areas of the brain become to decline first? |
The areas that matured last |
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What are some physical changes that occur as we age? |
Synaptic connections Individual differences Behavioural and mental health impacts |
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What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? |
Race- white people higher Gender- women Weight- underweight Early menopause Family history Diet Exercise |
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What is presbyopia? |
Loss of visual acuity |
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What is presbycusis? |
Normal loss of hearing with aging, especially for high freq tones |
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What is the most common reason for presbycusis? |
Lifelong exposure to excessive noise |
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What is the largest predictor of satisfaction in life? |
Health- the healthier you are the more satisfied u r with life |
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What are some risk factors for cancer and heart disease? |
Smoking Weight Inactivity Diet Alcohol Heredity |
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What are some risk factors for heart disease that arent there for cancer? |
Blood pressure and cholesterol |
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Why is a type A personality more correlated with CVD? |
They r more competitive striving, aggressive, hostile, scheduled tightly therefore have higher cholesterol |
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Btw type A B D who is more likely to be linked to having a heart condition like CVD? |
D |
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Why do women live longer? |
They seek help when they need it Theyre heart is more capable of handle physical exertion |
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What did Denney say about age related cognitive tasks that were practiced and ones that werent practiced? |
Practiced cognitive tasks had a lesser decline than other tasks with age |
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What is the Selective optimization with compensation idea proposed by Baltes? |
select 1 task to devote majority of or all resources too, optimizing this skill - also by reducing distractors to improve focus on tasks - eg. getting reading glasses |
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How is physical activity associated with cognitive functioning? |
Increases in physical activity associated with less declines in cognitive functioning |
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What types of memories decline over time, episodic or semantic? visual or auditory? |
Episodic and visual decrease |
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Explain Erikson's Generativity vs stagnation stage? |
task is to acquire generativity, involves establishing and guiding the next generation |
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What is Viallant's career consolidation stage? |
creation of new social network for which middle aged adults primary work serves as hub. meet needs such as contentmentt, compensation, competence, commitment |
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What is the keep of the meaning stage that falls after generativity? |
focus on preserving institutions and values that will benefit future generations |
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What are some positives linked to partnerships in middle adulthood? |
Increases in marital stability and satisfaction More supportive networks (friends) Increase sense of control and problem solving - skilled diplomacy Divorce less common and stressful - better at coping |
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What is the sandwich generation or also called the multigenerational caregivers? |
Adults caring for their parents and children at same time |
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What is caregiver burden? |
Negative effects for caring for an elderly or disabled person |
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What are the 3 types of relationships that grandparents have with their gchildren? |
Companionate Remote Involved |
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Describe Companionate? |
frequent contact and warm interactions |
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Remote? |
Gparents dont see gchildren often do to remoteness or physical distance |
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Involved? |
Gparents directly involved in everyday care and have close emotional ties with them |
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Which is the most common and least common? |
Most common- companionate Least common- involved |
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Of the big 5 personalities which ones decrease with age? |
Neuroticism Openness Extraversion |
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Which increase with age? |
Conscientiousness Agreeableness |
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What are some reasons for children moving back in with their parents? |
Financial probs Delayed marriage Rise in divorce rate |
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Are middle aged individuals more or less likely to experience burnout compared to their younger counterparts? |
Less likely |
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What is one reason a middle aged person would experience burnout? |
If they felt they were unappreciated |
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What is the difference in the types of goals that younger individuals have in comparison to middle aged adults? |
Younger adults have more growth oriented goals, where older people focus more on maintenance and loss prevention |
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What are some factors that account for job dissatisfaction? |
Time pressures Difficult co-workers Boring tasks Fear of losing job |
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Of the 3 subprocesses involved in job performance what does Selection account for? |
Narrowing range of activities by focussing on most central tasks and delegating responsibilities to others |
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Optimization? |
Workers exercise crucial abilities such as added training or polishing rusty skills - remain at maximum skill level |
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Compensation? |
Adopting pragmatic strategies to overcome obstacles -eg. getting hearing aids |
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What is senescence? |
Physical changes and declines associated with aging |
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What is the Hayflick limit? |
idea that human body cells have a limited lifespan - they divide a specific number of times and then stop |
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What happens when the telomere reduces past a certain point? |
Disease or death come fairly quickly |
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Who has a longer telomere... an adult or a child? |
A child |
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Why do younger people have a longer telomere? |
Because they have more telomerase which replicates telomeres in turn increases the length of life, older individuals have less telomerase... |
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Is it possible to predict a persons age by their epigentic status? |
yes sir |
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What are some things that maybe limited for aging adults? |
ADL- self-help tasks like bathing, dressing IADL- more complex tasks like housework, cooking |
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What are the 4 main changes people experience in late adulthood? |
- Reduction of brain weight - Loss of grey matter - Decline in the density of dendrites(most central) - decrease of useful dendritic connections - Slower synaptic transmission speed |
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What are the effects on vision in late adulthood? |
- blood flow decreases= larger blindspot=reduced field of vision - pupil doesnt widen or narrow= difficulty seeing at night |
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Aside from prescuity what other hearing issues occur in late adulthood? |
- word discrimination - tinnitus- ringing in ear |
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Mild hearing loss is associated with social, emotional, psychological health? t f? |
FALSE- only severe hearing loss is associated with social and psychological problems including raised rates of depression |
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What is wrong with the satiety part of eating and what is the effect? |
Older people may feel huungry all the time because the satiety pattern is impaired and they may overeat |
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What kinds of impairments occur with Alzheimer's disease?
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Memory difficulties, repetitive conversation, disorientation in unfamiliar settings |
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Gerontology? |
Science of aging |
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What is the biggest decrease in behavioural effects of physical changes? |
General slowing due to: - arthritic diseases - brain activity patterns may be slowing down |
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Younger individuals get into my car accidents but there is one situation where older adults get into more car accidents, what is that? |
More car accidents per km driven due to: - stiffness, decreased night vision, inability to judge speed of incoming traffic, increase in reaction time |
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What some changes in motor functioning? |
Reductions in stamina, dexterity and balance More likely to fall Fine motor movements become more difficulty like writing Learning new skills is really difficult |
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What is a way to offset concerns of decreased satiety? |
Have strict eating patterns |
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What is dementia? |
Neurological disorder - problems in memory, thinking that impact social, emotional and physical functioning |
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Some ways to diagnose alzheimers? |
Neurofibrillary tangles Memory probs but can only definitely be diagnosed after death |
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What is the leading cause of being institutionalized? |
Dementia |
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What gender is more likely to develop alzheimers? |
Women |
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Does depression increase or decline from middle adulthood to late? |
Declines |
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Risk factors for depression and dysthymia(lesser version of depression that lasts longer)? |
- Lack of social support(losing loved one) - Low income- not enough money to survive - Chronic health conditions that make it difficult to get around - Health status - Gender differences (women 2X more likely)- - less education= increased risk |
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Who is more likely to commit suicide.. Men or women? |
Men |
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At age 85 how many people suffer from moderate to severe symptoms of dementia? and of those how many have alzheimers? |
1/3 and 2/3(64%) |
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Do seniors in care homes have higher depression rates then other individuals? |
Yes |
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What are some treatments for suicide? |
Enhancement of lifestyle Social supports Counselling, psychotherapy Antidepressant meds |
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What does erikson's stage of ego integrity vs despair mean? |
Older adults must achieve a sense of satisfaction with their lives |
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What is the difference in reminiscening btw young adults and older adults?
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Young- reminiscence to search for methods of solving problems that they have solved in the past Older- rem. about way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals |
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What is the disengagement theory and what are the 3 aspects of it? |
It is normal and healthy for individuals to scale down social lives Shrinkage of life space Increased individuality Acceptance of these changes |
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Shrinkage of life space? |
As people age they interact with fewer people and fill fewer roles |
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Increased individuality? |
Individual much less governed by strict rules or expectations |
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Acceptance of these changes? |
Actively disengages from roles and relationships, turning inward and away from interactions with others |
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What is the continuity theory? |
seniors continue to engage in activities that challenged them before and they enjoyed like gardening |
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What are the components of successful aging? |
Good physical Health Retention of Mental abilities Social engagement- being socially active Productivity- volunteer activities help by engaging retired adults in productive pursuits Life satisfaction- learn how to adjust expectations so they stay high, important what satisfaction is for that person ON THE TEST |
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What is the difference between men and womens social networks in late adulthood? |
men- less intimacy, less disclosure women- larger and closer |
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What are some factors that influence retirement? |
Age Health Family consideration- those supporting children retire later Financial support Work characteristics- people in challengind and interesting jobs likely to retire later sex differences- women earlier |
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What are some reasons that elders get abused? |
Mental illness or alcoholism Financial dependency Social isolation- living in some remote country or city External stresses- abuser could be pissed or stressed about something and will lash out at elder under their care |
