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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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We discussed five broad objections to sex work know their names and details of THREE |
paternalistic sentimentalist commercialization of the body anti feminist sentimentalist
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•Weitzer (2010) •Know TWO methods of how researchers make claims based on flawed research •Know the other two modes of how oppression paradigm researchers transmit false or misleading findings
•claims made by prohibitionist authors |
tbe |
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•Bishop (2015) •There are FIVE frameworks suggested, know them •What was an historic label used by gay men to describe a particular fashion trend/aesthetic? •What happened to theatres and when? |
tbe |
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Know the faults of pornography research |
1)Inconsistent operational definitions “pornography,” “sexual violence,” etc. are consistently defined which makes it difficult to interpret the literature as a whole 2)Often reinforces a traditional view of male and female sexuality Men are active consumers and women are passive non- consumers. May view men as “aggressors” and women as “victims” (i.e., men’s consumption of porn is dangerous for women) 3)The experience of viewing porn is removed from its original context and original function Most consumers watch porn at home as masturbation fodder whereas research may ask individuals to view porn in a laboratory setting 4)Endorses a simplistic view of media exposure Phenomena such as cross-gender identification may be ignored 5)Selection of variables tends to be quite narrow Many times data is collected to reinforce ones philosophical beliefs. What about variables like “genital esteem” and “sexual esteem”? |
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•Trish Fisher: •Know the different laws discussed (e.g., nordic, communication, etc.) •Know the types of sex work and how safe they are •Know the results of the study conducted at Leed’s University •Know the stats provided by Trish regarding customers
•What was observed in Rhode Island? |
out call, escort, street, brothel/studio *CCs. 210: Bawdy-House Laws which made it illegal for a sex worker, client or third party to operate or be found in a place that is used for prostitution *CCs. 212(1)(j): Living on the Avails which is often referred to as the “pimping law” that criminalized third parties in prostitution such as those running an agency, booking clients (tracking the calls) or offering protection (driver/bodyguard) *CCs. 213(1)(c): The Communicating Law which made it illegal for sex workers, clients and third parties to communicate about the exchange of sex for money in a public place, including a private vehicle, and includes negotiations about services, prices, conditions, practices, or limits and boundaries. |
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•Know why certain terms discussed in the homonegativity section are considered problematic
•Know the different types of homonegativity, info about them, and how we measure them |
◦Don’t assume you are around people who identify with the term; you may end up unintentionally offending people ◦Some gay men and lesbian women (GMLW; along with other sexual and gender minorities) have sought to “take back” the word (queer)
apa states it is inappropriate to use term homosexual in any paper homosexual is a derogatory term because it originated from a mental disorder Removed from DSM in 1973 but replaced with “ego-dystonic homosexuality” ◦COMPLETELY removed in 1986
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•Know the results of McCutcheon & Morrison (2014) discussed in class |
tbe |
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•According to Jewell & Morrison (2010) results: •What was the purpose of anti-gay behaviour? •What behaviours were participated in? |
reinforce gender norms, fit in with peer group, reinforce heterosexuality, maintain anti-gay ideology, engage in thrill seeking behavior.
warning gay men to stay away from them, yelling insulting comments at gay men, playing jokes on gay men, telling jokes about gay men |
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•Woodford et al. (2012) •What is the term “that’s so gay!”? •What is the result of hearing it? |
heteronegativity
percieved not fitting in mental heath decline physical health delcine |
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•Morrison & Whitehead (2007) •Know why interviewees entered sex work •What do interviewees believe about societal perceptions about sex work? |
tba |
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•What is MODE theory? |
Motivation and Opportunity as DEterminants theory (MODE) ◦Negative attitudes activated automatically when encountering attitude object BUT… ◦One can control these processes ◦Self-presentation bias (social desirability) |
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•What is extreme pornography, the triple A engine, money shot? |
•The UK drafted a law in 2008 that made it an offence to possess extreme pornography which is defined as: •a) an act which threatens a persons life •b) an act which results in or is likely to result in serious injury to a person’s anus, breasts, or genitals
TRIPLE A Engine •Accessibility •Pornographic material is readily available
•Affordability •Can be procured very inexpensively
•Anonymity •Can be obtained without revealing one’s identity
Money Shot •An element inherent to porn is the “money shot” or “*******” • •This is considered to be the most important element of a scene in contemporary porn • •There are 4 reasons which attempt to explain why it is considered so important: 1)Suggests the sex is recreational and not procreative. ● 2)Confirms the “realness” of the sexual encounter. ● 3)Emphasizes the importance of male pleasure ● 4)Re-affirms masculinity (i.e., ejaculate as life essence) |
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•Know details of Olmstead et al.’s (2013) study discussed in class |
•Looked at expected pornography use during future committed romantic relationships •404 heterosexual undergraduates •Ps matched on demographic variables •Questions regarding porn use within committed relationships
•Four groups or “storylines” emerged: 1)Majority of men (70.8%) and large minority of women (45.5%) reported acceptance of using porn in the context of a relationship Variation on whether it was acceptable to be used together or alone and several conditions emerged (i.e., cannot harm the relartionship, partner must know etc.) 2)Men (22.3%) and women (26.2%) viewed porn use as unacceptable when in a committed relationship; use when single is fine 3)Men (5.4%) and women (12.9%) believed that porn use was unacceptable under ANY circumstance (i.e., cannot use even if single) ● 4)ONLY women (10.4%) reported that they did not expect to use it, but it was okay if their partner used it •These numbers would have looked very different even 20 years ago, so why the shift? • •Believed to be related to Cooper’s (1998) “Triple A Engine” |
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Homonegativity |
Based on the term “homonegativism” first coined by Hudson and Ricketts (1980) Describes all possible negative attitudes toward homosexuality and GMLW Includes societal and individual derision of GMLW ways of living (i.e., heterosexism) which can be more pervasive and harmful than overt prejudice and discrimination |
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old fashioned homonegativity |
OLD-FASHIONED” Homonegativity ◦Items based on moralistic objections: ◦Religious objections (i.e., “the Bible says…”) ◦Myths (i.e., “being gay is obviously a choice”) ◦Strict adherence to “normality” (i.e., “ gay isn’t natural!”)
◦Herek’s (1994), Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG) is considered the “gold standard” ◦20 items ◦2 subscales (gay and lesbian; 10 items each) ◦5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree) Sample items: ◦“Male homosexuality is a perversion” ◦“Female homosexuality is an inferior form of sexuality” |
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Modern Homonegativity |
◦Proposed by Morrison and Morrison (2002) Reflects one or more of the following beliefs:
1)GMLW are making illegitimate (or unnecessary) demands for changes in the status quo (e.g., the right to be legally married)
Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) ◦24 items ◦2 identical 12-item subscales (gay men and lesbian women) ◦5 point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree) ◦ Sample items: ◦“If gay men want to be treated like everyone else then they need to stop making such a fuss about their sexuality/culture” ◦“If lesbian women want to be treated like everyone else then they need to stop making such a fuss about their sexuality/culture” 2)Discrimination against GMLW is a thing of the past 3)GMLW exaggerate the importance of their sexual orientation thereby perpetuating their own marginalization |
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Modern vs old fashioned homonegativity |
Old-fashioned homonegative behaviours overt and to the point: ◦Gay bashing ◦Destruction of property ◦Direct name calling (i.e., “faggot”) ◦ Modern homonegative behaviours more subtle ◦MICROAGGRESSIONS ◦Examples? |
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Internalized homonegativity |
A set of negative attitudes and affect toward homosexuality in others and toward features in oneself (Shidlo, 1994) Experienced by GMLW as opposed to heterosexual people Definition has two facets: ◦Cultural: ◦Negative attitudes that GMLW experience when they encounter other GMLW ◦Intrapsychic:
◦The negative attitudes that GMLW possess which directly influence their lives
◦Some argue a distinction made between “sexual orientation” and “cultural identification” is necessary Sexual Orientation: ◦One’s individual sexual identity Cultural Identification: ◦One’s group membership identity These two elements should treated as distinct
◦E.g., a gay man who is comfortable with his gay identity BUT chooses to not disclose it to others for fear of reprisal may be viewed as possessing a less developed identity ◦Cultural: ◦Negative attitudes that GMLW experience when they encounter other GMLW ◦Intrapsychic:
◦The negative attitudes that GMLW possess which directly influence their lives
◦Some argue a distinction made between “sexual orientation” and “cultural identification” is necessary Sexual Orientation: ◦One’s individual sexual identity Cultural Identification: ◦One’s group membership identity These two elements should treated as distinct ◦E.g., a gay man who is comfortable with his gay identity BUT chooses to not disclose it to others for fear of reprisal may be viewed as possessing a less developed identity |
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Anti sex work feminist |
•Views sex work as inherently oppressive and exploitative •Women are objectified by men and reduced to sex objects through prostitution •Economics •Women are forced to resort to prostitution •Views sex work as inherently oppressive and exploitative •Women are objectified by men and reduced to sex objects through prostitution •Economics •Women are forced to resort to prostitution because they don’t have options for good paying “decent” or “real” work •As a result, women are all FORCED into prostitution regardless of what they say because they don’t have options for good paying “decent” or “real” work •As a result, women are all FORCED into prostitution regardless of what they say |
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objections to anti sex work feminist |
what about women who say they choose to be prostitutes? are these feminists not telling them they don't know their own mind? does this not reinforce what they are supposedly fighting? |
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Moral conservative objections to sex work |
sexual practices ranked based on their proximity to marrige, reproduction and love sex within the parameters of prostitution is far removed from these purposes, thus immoral also embrases the protestant work ethic people should work hard and be frugal prostitutes viewed as contravening this work ethic-- prostitutes are lazy and need to get real jobs
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counter arguments to moral conservative objections of sex work |
why should sex between maried persons be accorded greater value than sex between prostitute and client? how does one know that prostitutes are lazy can anyone be a prostitute are there any skills or personality traits requried? |
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Sentimentalist objections to sex work |
sex between client and prostitute is cold and emotionally impoverished only purpose is to get off sex between committed partners is seen as more meaningful and passionate better quality sex isnt good without emotion |
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counter arguments to sentimentalist objections to sex work |
may be instances where sex between prostitute and client is more intimate than between partners loveless marrige girlfriend experience what does percieved quality have to do with morality? should mcdonalds be banned because it lacks nutritional value? |
