Midterm 2

Front 1

C2C Critique of the 3R approach:

Back 1

The 3R’s operates within our current industrial system and so it cannot ultimately solve it, it only slows down the destruction (being less bad is no good)
Reuse postpones disposal

Front 2

Natural Capital’s goal of radical resource productivity:

Back 2

• Reduce weight of product (dematerialization)
• Reduce emissions, water, energy
• Minimize number of production methods, operations
• Minimize manufacturing waste
• Design for durability, not obsolescence

Front 3

Dematerialization

Back 3

“doing more with less”
Reduction in the quantity of materials required to serve economic functions in society

Front 4

Levi’s Jeans reduce and reuse strategy:

Back 4

Wasteless jeans: made from 8 recycled plastic bottles (20% recycled plastic)

Front 5

Examples of products deliberately designed for reuse

Back 5

Park bench, reusable shopping bags, maille mustard jars

Front 6

Aggie Reuse Store:

Back 6

• creative reuse of campus post consumer waste
• help students to buy items at low cost
• promotion of waste = food ethic
• teach workshops on creative reuse

Front 7

Recycling (downcycling):

Back 7

• Recover a product at the end of its useful life
• Break it down into its constituent component
• Re-incorporate it into a new product which is usually of lesser value and durability

Front 8

Upcycling:

Back 8

Re-incorporate it into a new product which has inherent value greater than or equal to the original product

Front 9

Most “lock in” environmental impacts occurs within

Back 9

the concept and detail design steps of the product development cycle

Front 10

Statistics on construction and housing in the U.S.

Back 10

-buildings consume 60% of total materials flow
-buildings are responsible for 33% of the waste stream
-building renovation and demolition: 91% of construction and demolition debris

Front 11

Pisé, rammed earth

Back 11

David Easton: Pisé (a book) ‘Pneumatically Impacted Stabilized Earth

Front 12

Eugene Tsui: nature’s design principles in architecture

Back 12

1) Economize the use of materials
2) Maximize structural strength
3) Maximize the enclosed volume
4) Produce extremely high strength-to-weight ratios
5) Utilize stress and strain as a basis for structural efficiency
6) Create energy efficiency through form without external power
7) Create form that enhances air circulation
8) Use local materials for building
9) Use curvilinear forms that disperse and dissipate multi-directional forces
10) Integrate aerodynamic efficiency with structural form
11) Produce nothing that is toxic to the environment
12) Design structures that can be built by a single organism

Front 13

Herman Miller headquarters

Back 13

designed by McDonough and Braungart
“GreenHouse” office and manufacturing facility

Front 14

What is LEED certification; why should architects be interested in becoming LEED certified?

Back 14

LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
LEED is a rating system for buildings, equivalent to a gas mileage rating for cars.  Under LEED, buildings accumulate points for things such as saving energy, having accessible mass transit, and mitigating storm water runoff.

Front 15

Embodied energy

Back 15

all the energy needed to produce, sell, care for and dispose of a given product.

Front 16

Embodied energy includes energy required to:

Back 16

• extract
• process
• package
• transport
• sell
• install/build
• maintain
• recycle or dispose of

Front 17

Embodied energy measured by:

Back 17

-MJ/kg: energy by mass
-MJ/m2: energy by area
-MJ/m3: energy by volume

Front 18

Examples of embodied energy in products discussed in class:

Back 18

Glazed brick: 7.2 MJ/kg
Cotton fabric: 143.0 MJ/kg
Paper (virgin white): 36.4 MJ/kg

Front 19

Life Cycle:

Back 19

All the stages of a product’s life from “cradle to grave”
It includes:
- Raw material extraction
- Materials processing
- Manufacture
- Distribution
- Use
- Repair and maintenance
- Disposal or recycling

Front 20

3 phases of life cycle:

Back 20

1. Upstream phase of a product:
The initial phases through:
- Raw material extraction
- Materials processing
- Manufacture
2. Use phase of a product
- Use
- Repair and maintenance
3. Downstream (end of life) phase of a product
- Disposal or recycling
(Transportation and distribution can occur during all three phases)

Front 21

Environmental impacts can occur at different stages of different products’ life cycle
Example:

Back 21

Furniture:
• Manufacture
• Materials processing
Electrical household appliances:
• Use
• Repair and maintenance
Clothing:
• Use

Front 22

Life cycle assessment (LCA):

Back 22

Is a holistic and systematic method for analyzing the environmental and human health impacts of a product or process across its life cycle

Front 23

An LCA consist of four steps

Back 23

• Define the goal and scope
• Analyze the inventory (LCI)
• Assess the impacts (LCIA)
• Interpret the results

Front 24

Life cycle inventory (LCI)

Back 24

is the accounting method used to track the input and output of material and energy flows

Front 25

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)

Back 25

is the process of developing indicators of potential human and ecological impacts from the LCI data

Front 26

Environmental impact categories:

Back 26

• ecological damage
• human health damage
• resource depletion

Front 27

Examples of Ecological damage:

Back 27

• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
• Water eutrophication
• Acid rain
• Habitat alterations
• Ecotoxicity

Front 28

Examples of Human health damage

Back 28

• photochemical smog and air pollutants
• health damaging substance
• carcinogens

Front 29

Examples of Resource depletion

Back 29

• fossil fuels
• fresh water
• Topsoil
• Minerals

Front 30

Stages in products’ lifecycle

Back 30

• Raw material extraction
• Material processing
• Component processing
• Assembly and packaging
• Distribution and purchase
• Installation and use
• Maintenance and upgrading
• Transport
• Reuse, recycling, or compositing
• Incineration or landfilling

Front 31

Best environmental assessment method:

Back 31

single-figure lifecycle assessment

Front 32

Know examples of eco-design products

Back 32

Papcorn(green), Golf tee(sugar), lamp

Front 33

What is ‘Product Stewardship’?

Back 33

where environmental, health, and safety protection centers around the product itself, and everyone involved in the lifespan of the product is called upon to take up responsibility to reduce its environmental, health, and safety impacts.

Front 34

What is ‘Design for Disassembly’? (DfD)

Back 34

DfD is a building design process that allows for the easy recovery of products, parts and materials when a building is disassembled or renovated.

Front 35

How to DfD:

Back 35

a) Avoid toxic materials, chemicals
b) Minimize fastener types
c) Minimize the types of materials
d) Avoid permanent fixing of different materials
e) Avoid paint
f) Identify material types with international recycling symbols

Front 36

History of papermaking

Back 36

• 3000 B.C. “papyrus” paper: made from pith of papyrus plant. Used by ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman
• Tsai Lun, Chinese government official. Used mulberry bark, linen and hemp to make paper
• Earliest paper in Europe: “rag” paper, made with recycled rag
• 1700’s: French scientist Reaumur observed wasps make paper
• Paper from wood pulp became widely used in 19th century

Front 37

How many pounds of paper does the average American consume annually?

Back 37

700 lbs.

Front 38

ow much have the world’s rainforests shrunk?

Back 38

From 14% to 6%

Front 39

How many trees does 1 ton of recycled paper save?

Back 39

17 trees

Front 40

What percentages of graphic design products are sustainable?

Back 40

10%

Front 41

Facts about the paper industry: how much water does it consume? How many greenhouse gases does it emit? What percentage of paper is harvested from forests instead of tree farms?

Back 41

• Foaming effluent
• Bleaching of wood by elemental chlorine
• Products dioxin
• Average paper mill using chlorine releases 35 tons of organic chlorines daily

Front 42

What is ‘Kraft paper’?

Back 42

Pulp produced from wood chips cooked with sulfur compounds (“kraft process”) most common process

Front 43

Elemental Chlorine (EC) paper?

Back 43

Most toxic process; phased out in US

Front 44

Process Chlorine Free (PCF) paper?

Back 44

Made with virgin fiber and recycled paper, or recycled. Made without chlorine, chlorine compounds; least toxic. But requires some virgin pulp

Front 45

Elemental Chlorine-Free (ECF) paper?

Back 45

Paper made from virgin or recycled fiber that is bleached using alternative chlorine compounds; 7-10 tons of toxic released daily!

Front 46

Totally Chlorine-Free ((TCF) paper?

Back 46

Paper made from 100% virgin fiber that is unbleached or bleached with non-chlorine compounds. No dioxins or toxic pollutants

Front 47

What is the Forest Stewardship Council (FCS)

Back 47

Certifies logging that is sustainable; it includes selective cutting instead of clear cutting; preservation of wildlife habitats; preservation of topsoil; less water pollution

Front 48

What are the principles of Forest Stewardship Council (FCS)

Back 48

• Compliance with all applicable laws and international treaties
• Demonstrated and uncontested, clearly defined, long–term land tenure and use rights
• Recognition and respect of indigenous peoples' rights
• Maintenance or enhancement of long-term social and economic well-being of forest workers and local communities and respect of worker’s rights in compliance with International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions
• Equitable use and sharing of benefits derived from the forest
• Reduction of environmental impact of logging activities and maintenance of the ecological functions and integrity of the forest

Front 49

What percentage of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) do paper constitute?

Back 49

35%

Front 50

What is ‘cellulosic ethanol’, how is it made, what is it used for? How much of it exists in landfill?

Back 50

• ‘cellulosic ethanol’ is second-generation biofuel
• Covert the papers in landfills into ‘cellulosic ethanol’
• 82.93 billion liters

Front 51

Alternative plants for paper: know about the properties of kenaf, bagasse, linen, and other plant fibers

Back 51

• Kenaf: a rapidly growing annual (used by Yolo Landfill for phytoremediation)
• Bagasse: sugar cane residue
• Linen, cotton: used in U.S. paper currency
• Banana, coffee, other unusual plant fibers: can be added to paper but can’t comprise 100%

Front 52

What is ‘phytoremediation’? What is a ‘hyperaccumulator’?

Back 52

• Phytoremediation is used plants to solve environment issues
• Hyperaccumulator is the plants that can extract the heavy metals from the soil

Front 53

Alternative eco-friendly papers: be able to name 2 or 3 and what their papers are made of

Back 53

• Bagasse paper
• Cotton fiber paper
• Sheep poo paper

Front 54

What are traditional petroleum-based printing inks made of?

Back 54

• Pigment
• Vehicle or carrier
• Binder
• Performance additives or modifier

Front 55

What is Bisphenol A (BPA), and what is its relationship to printing inks? What are the damaging side effects of BPA? In what products is BPA found? In what product is the largest concentration of BPA found?

Back 55

• Bisphenol A: estrogen mimic/endocrine disrupter
• Bisphenol A is used in thermal printing inks
• Thermal printing ink: BPA plus acid-sensitive dye, applied over the entire surface of special thermal paper.
• Plastic water bottles, Styrofoam plates, Cash register receipts, Baby bottle
• Most found in cash register receipts

Front 56

What are the properties and advantages/disadvantages of soy-based inks?

Back 56

Advantages
• Greater color retention
• Exceptional transfer properties
• Press washes can be water + detergent, reducing VOC (volatile organic compound) solvents by up to 80%
• Renewable resource
• Promotes paper recycling: more easily de-inked
• Creates less waste on press (more stable) 90% of U.S. daily newspapers, and 33% of other U.S. newspapers, print with soy inks

Disadvantages
• May contain toxic halogenated hydrocarbons

Front 57

According to Chapter 3 C2C, what are the toxins in traditional books?

Back 57

Book one: Carbon black, heavy metals, monstrous "hybrids; if burned produces dioxins
Book two: TCF paper requires virgin pulp; soy inks may contain toxins; recycled paper may be at end of use
Book three: entire concept of “book” rethought:
- made of polymer infinitely recyclable
- nontoxic, reusable inks; entire book can be recycled in one step recycling process

Front 58

What is ‘TerraSkin’ and what are its advantages?

Back 58

• Paper make from stone
• Non-toxic
• No water or bleach used in production
• Production uses 50% less energy than pulp paper
• Uses 20%-30% less ink; ink doesn’t bleed
• Water-resistant
• Biodegradable
• Can be recycled into pellets that are reused
• Clean production: no water, no harsh chemicals, polluted air

Front 59

Ecodesign Strategy Wheel

Back 59

1. Design for innovation
• Rethink how to provide the benefit
• Integrate product to serve needs provided by associated products
• Biomimicry
2. Design with low-impact materials (transit chair)
• Use minimal materials
• Use reused or recycled materials
3. Design foe optimized production (hut ab)
• Minimize manufacturing waste
• Minimize energy in production
• Minimize number of components / materials
4. Design for efficient distribution (air box)
• Reduce product and/or packaging weight
• Use local production and assembly
5. Design for low-impact use (kango)
• Reduce energy inefficiencies
• Reduce water use inefficiencies
• Reduce material use inefficiencies
• Minimize emissions during use
• Integrate renewable energy sources
6. Design for optimized lifetime (iron pot)
• Design for maintenance and easy repair capabilities
• Design for upgrades/enhancements
• Build in user’s desire to care for product long term
• Create a timeless look or fashion
7. Design for optimized end-of-life (Eco-Range cosmetics packaging)
• Provide for reuse of components
• Provide ability to biodegrade
• Provide for safe disposal

Front 60

know how to compare the ‘single figure’ impact factors of various materials, e.g. aluminum vs.
steel; study the tables of impact factors in the PowerPoint

Back 60

Metals have a wider range of impact values. Stainless steel is more damaging than regular steel per pound, and some exotic metals have extremely high impacts.
Secondary (recycled) metals have lower impacts than primary (virgin) metals because primary metals require large amounts of ore to be sifted through and melted.
Metal processing usually creates lower impacts than production.

Front 61

Ten environmental impact categories

Back 61

Resource depletion:
- fossil fuels

Ecosystem health:
- global warming
- acid rain
- ecotoxicity
- water eutrophication
- ionizing radiation
- stratospheric ozone
- habitat destruction

Human health:
- smog
- carninogens and human toxicity
- particulates