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84 Cards in this Set
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Sacred Round |
Mayan calendar. It was used to plan important agricultural events (when crops should be harvested) and religious events It had 20 days and 13 months and was based off 2 cycles of numbers and pictures |
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Long Count |
Part of the Mayan Calendar; a non-repeating vigesimal (base-20) and base-18 calendar |
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Chichen-itza |
large city built by the Maya people. flourishes after decline of Mayan culture (900 CE) no writing system Mix culture: Toltec influence and Mayan Symbols of Eagle, Jaguar and the Snake Ball Courts (tikal), observatory, Castillo (91 steps on each side and 1 on top to make 365 steps total
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Teotihuacan |
City found N of D.F. 700bce-700ce 1st great civilization to rise in Central Mexico Located basically in a Lake "Floating City" Spain drained the lake |
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Topiltzin-Quetzalcoatl |
Topiltizin: King; focuses worship in Quetzalcoatl Civilizing Deity: Does away with Human sacrifices Throws down on the other Gods (Tezcaptilpoca) indiscretion with his sister forced to be in exile promising to return to rule He leaves to Yucatan (reason for Toltec influence in Chichen-itza
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QuetzalCoatl |
Feathered-serpent God Deity that protects Toltec history |
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Tezcatilpoca |
Mexico City Deity Symbol of the Jaguar Believed the human population came from giants who ate acorns, the fate of the human race is to be eaten by jaguars |
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Huitzilopochtli |
Primary Aztec sun god: led migration to the island where Aztecs lived; on Tenochititlan finds cactus with eagle eating a serpent on it; a sign of where they need to build their civilization (were nomadic, conquering all) He is the God of war and human sacrifice Temple Mayor dedicated to him and Tlaloc: at the bottom of the temple the re-enact birth of Huitzlilopochtli: Chopping sister and throwing body parts everywhere |
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Tenochtitlan |
Aztec main city: built on an island in the lake Built paths/bridges to get to the island aqueducts built for fresh water into city |
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Pipiltin |
Aztec nobles |
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Pochteca |
aztec Merchants traded over long distances |
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Macehualtin |
the commoner social class of the Mexica |
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Calpulli |
Aztec: groups of families that controlled the use of the land and performed other territorial functions, as well as performing social functions Land Divided and Farmed by them |
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Mayeque |
an Aztec commoner-rural tenants who worked on the lands of nobility |
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Moctezuma II |
reigning when indigenous met Europeans no militarily minded: likes supernatural myths, etc Killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Hernan cortes and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan Son of Huitzilopotli and his 4th wife |
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Nahuatl |
The Aztec language. Also spoken by the ancient toltec people |
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Tlaxcala |
1 of the major groups unconquered by Aztecs Aztecs tried to intimidate them into joining; if not they'd go to war and pay tribute sided with Spaniards (Cortes) when they came through; help them defeat Aztecs, provided a safeguard, built brigadines for them to use in the final night Leader: Zempoala
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Granada |
Originally a Muslim Kingdom, last kingdom to be defeated in the Spanish Reconquista Has a city in Central America named after it, Moorish Heritage |
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Reconquista |
Battle of Covadonga: Beginning of Reconquest Pelayo: Captain leading Christians over Muslims; later becomes King of Asturias (N Spain) Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela Becomes a battle of Religions: Christians vs. Muslims; Christians want them out of Spain Took over 400 years to complete Reconquista. |
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Prestor John |
Descendant of one of the 3 Magi, a generous ruler and a virtuous man, preside over realm l of riches and strange creatures. The Portuguese convinced themselves that they had found him in Ethiopia His kingdom was the object of guests, firing the imaginateions of generations of adventurers, but remaining ever out of reach |
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Bartolomeu Dias |
Portugal Explorer Sailed around Cape Horn in Africa |
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Francisco de Victoria |
Founder of global political philosophy Spanish philosopher Founder of the School of Salamanca Founder of International Law Spaniards have no rights to enslave Indigenous |
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Prince Henry the Navigator |
Cape St. Vincent, Sagres, Portugal Set up School of Navigation>>Find gold, ivory, sage Goal is a crusader: Drive the Muslims out |
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Martin Alonso Pinzon |
Spanish Mariner, shipbuilder, navigator and explorer saild with Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to the new world in 1492 Captain of the Pinta |
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Book of Prophecies |
compilation of apocalyptic religious revelations writen by Christopher Columbus towards the end of his life conveys the medieval notion that in order for the end of the world/second coming to occur, certain events must first be enacted |
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Hans Koning |
Author/journalist. Writer of Columbs: His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. States that Columbus was just a typical whiteman and school boy hero Completely bags on Columbus, discredits all achievemenets, and is just mad that he wasn't the one that discovered America. |
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S.E. Morison |
American historian noted for his works of maritime history Wrote Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus America would have eventually been discovered, with or without him |
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Palos de la Frontera |
The place from which Columbus set sail in 1492 |
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Martin Waldseemuller |
German cartographer, credited with the first recorded usage of the word America on a map in honor of the Florentine Explorer Amerigo Vespucci 1507 |
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Vasco de Gama |
Portugues Explorer First European to reach India by Sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route |
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Cacique |
"Chief" Spanish used the word as a title for the leaders of the other indigenous groups they encountered in the territories they occupied In colonial Mexico, Caciques and their families were considered part of the Mexican nobility, often holding the Spanish noble honorific don and dona and some having entailed estates |
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Treaty of Tordesillas |
Line of Demarcation between Spain and Portugal (1493) 370 leagues west of Cape Verde island Spain got west side, Portugal got East Set up after Columbus' 1st voyage (1492)
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Encomienda |
granted as reward who had served the crown Indigenous leaders in charge of labor Take responsibility for instruction in the Christian life, Spanish, and protection from others extract tribute from natives in form of labor, gold, and other products |
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Nicolas de Ovando |
Sailed in 4th and Final Journey of Columbus (1502) and he's appointed Governor Queen Isabel sends him with Pizarro to bring sugar cane inorder to make new land profitable Hispaniola becomes storehouses for Exploration 2 Orders: Make a profit and protect the people |
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa |
Takes possession of the South sea for Spain (1514) |
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Pedro Arias de Avila |
1440-1531: "Pedrarias" 1513 named to govern Tierra Firme Destroys all order: Brutal and Greedy |
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Antonio de Motesinos |
Spanish Dominican Friar who was a missionary on the island of Hispaniola Preached against enslavement and harsh treatment of the indians Preaching led ot Bartoleme de las Casas' conversion |
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Bernadino de Sahagun |
Franciscan Friar in New Spain early anthropologist: tried to make it easire to convey the Christian religion to the indian people by making their gods saints, associating blood atonement of Christ with Blood Sccrifice, Christian baptism with Aztec Baptism Wrote the Florentine Codex |
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Bartolome de las Casas |
Spanish historian, social reformer>> Dominican Friar participated in Encomienda system until Enlightened (1515)>>gave up his slaves and encomienda>> supported indigenous rights: Goal to get rid of Encomienda System Transcribed the logs of Columbus for a history book |
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Black Legend |
Term that Bartolome de las Casa gave to Spain saying that they killed and tortured all the indians |
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Requirement |
Read to the Indigenous people The New land was given to them by God> they have authority from Peter to the Pope. Governed in Christian manner. They must obey and cooperate>they have been donated to the Kingdom. Required to be subjects to Spain, let missionaries teach. Not required to be Christians. It's a choice, the right one. Your own fault if you don't comply |
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Juan Gines de Sepulveda |
The adversary of Bartolome de las Casas justifies Spanish conuest of the Indies because Indians live in sin> They deserve this Amerindians were natural-born slaves Aristotle's theory on "natural slavery" They were barbarous and inhuman and therefore didn't deserve property, destined to serve their masters |
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Diego de Velasquez |
active in leading the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under Diego Columbus Founded many new settlements and cities appointed governor of Cuba, new settlers didn't want to be under Columbus so He created general Cabildo (local government council) which was authorized to deal directly with Spain, avoiding Columbus' authority |
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Hernan Cortes |
Works for Velazquez and helps him set up Cuba (his #2 to Governor) Goes to Mexico against Velazquez' will and conquers it. Writes letters Carlos explaining why Lots of power, Carlos V doesn't like him "the butcher" because of how cruel he is Conquers Tenochtitlan |
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Malinche |
Dona Marina: sold to the Mayans then to Cortes Malinche: Wanderer: smart, helps cortes conquer Mexico, his interpreter and mistress Has his first son, first Mestizo |
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Cuauhtemoc |
last aztec king who ruled executed by Cortes in 1525 held captive in Tenochtitlan
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Juan de Zumarraga |
First bishop of Mexico deemed protector of the Indigenous people but at the time did not have the power to enforce anything |
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Beltran Nuno Guzman |
Ccolonial administrator in New Spain sent to Mexico to control Cortes' conquest of the Aztec empire, king worried he was becoming too powerful stripping them of their encomiendas and give it to new comers 1537 is arrested for treason Establishes Audencia |
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Audencia |
an appellate court in Spain and its empire name of the institution: Royal Audience |
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Antonia de Mendoza |
1st Viceroy of Mexico and 2nd in Peru embodiment of the Charles V and has all power Executive Judiciary, oversees church in Mexico: Viceroys there to diminish power of the conquistadores: enslaves Indians Cortes dies and has free way of Spanish gov't: All power to Charles Obedezco pero no cumplo: doesn't order out
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Charles V |
aka: Charles I Jealous of Cortes because of his power in the new world strips Cortes of his power and makes him a Viceroy |
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Marcos of Nice |
Sent up to investigate the story of the 7 cities of Cibula, in search for El Dorado Franciscan Friar Explores north of Sonora with Cabeza de Vaca Claimed he saw Cibola from a distance comparing it to Mexico City>>Coronado makes expedition, Nice as the guide>>Disappointment |
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Hernando de Soto |
Starts in Central America>becomes governor of FL, "Knight in Shining armor" because he was traveling through the U.S. 1st to get to Mississippi river Soto dies in Mississippi and survivors go back to Mexico The one that gets Atahualpa to come down to meet Pizarro |
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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado |
Leads expedition to Northern Mexico to Grand Canyon Don't find 7 cities full of gold, but find lots of tribes who have copper Make it to Quivira (KS) in search for gold (El Dorado) hard to know what to do with land, not big economical institution |
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Tiwanaku |
Located in Modern day Bolivia Pedro Cieza de Leon came upon these remains while in search for the Inca Capital Qullasuyu One of most important civilizations in Inca Empire: Ritual capital and administrative capital; major state power for 500 years |
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Aymara |
Indigenous peoples of the Andes |
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Quechua |
Language of the Incas Still spoken today in the Andes Area |
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Manco Capac Inca |
Legendary first Inca ruler name comes from the origin of the Incas Myth of Pacariqtambo: cave housed 4 couples from flood and they survived son of the sun and married his sister mama huanco First Sapa Inca |
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Huayna Capac |
last Sapa Inca ruler before the Spanish set land in the Americas Dies from Fever: smallpox (?) 2 of his sons (Huascar and Atahualpa became engaged in civil war over throne: Regional struggle vs. Brotherly struggle |
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Huascar |
Eldest son of Huayna Capac and principal wife Coya (from Cuzco) Huascar at first didn't want it, Atahualpa takes it and tries to move capital to Quito, Civil War> the people want Huascar Spaniards arrive at this moment |
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Atahualpa |
held prisoner by Pizzarro in Cajamarca (there just after winning the civil war) and gave gold and silver to pay the ransom for his freedom Executed after being forced to be baptized: strangled him, burnt his body, and threw ashes in the river Atahualpa wanted Huascar dead |
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Ayllu |
Clan and the basic building block of the Indian Society Everyone identified themselves with their clan The Ayllu was similar to Yin and Yang>>had upper and lower part, each ruled separtely by 2 different leaders Self sustained |
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Kuraka |
head or chief of the Ayllu: Ethnic Lord Kuraka was the provider for the people: Reciprocity: provided for in return: Redistributes all products (food, services, etc) with in the Ayllus No trading, people living at different sea levels to produce agriculture at different levels |
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Mitimaes |
Colonists Sent out by the Kuraka to establish an Archipelago (Island) Resettlement: groups of families taken from their communities by the Inca State and transferred to loyal or conquered towns to perform political, cultural, social, and economic functions |
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Yanacona |
A Specialist: craftsman, bureaucrat Taken out of their Ayllu to serve the emperor in Cusco Once removed from their Ayllu, they would lose their association with their Ayllu |
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Huaca |
Sacred object, person, or place Incas take them to Cusco and hold it hostage to enforce cooperation from the Ayllus |
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Cuzco |
Capital City of the Inca Empire Navel of the World |
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Pachacuti |
from ruling a simple Chiefdom came to rule a great empire: The Tawantinsuyu (land of 4 corners) Ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco |
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Francisco Pizarro |
conquers Peru nd establishes Cuzco as cpital of Peru in 1535 pig farmer in Spain, competitive but not equally cruel as Cortes (from the same city) Worked with Almagro, but killed him b/c didn't like competition captures Atahualpa from cajamarca and executes him, Pizarro is murdered in Lima |
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Francisco Pizarro (continued) |
Hernando de Luque is the priest that helps him, does the numbers Pizarro takes back all his relatives and appoints himself the captain in charge and Almagro is #2 Civil war to his benefit founded lima when Cuzco was attacked
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Pizarro and battle of Sacsayhuaman |
St. James appears and mar and they receive help, won because Amargro arrived from Chile and then seizes Cuzco PIzarro retakes Cuzco and executes Amargro Pizarro is murdered in his house by Amargros people Peru is left as a very chaotic place without order |
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Diego de Almagro |
Pizzarro's #2: got to Peru too late and missed out on the plunder given the land below Peru but wasn't happy Credited as the first European to discover Chile Took over Cuzco and then was killed by Pizarro, his men kill Pizarro after his death |
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Manco Inca |
chosen to be the puppet ruler of the Incas. works with Pizarro and Spaniards Altahuala's rival got fed up with how he and his people were being treated so he left with a horse, came back and attacked the Spaniards in Cuzco |
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Pedro de Alvarado |
appeared in Peru after Pizarro has won and Pizarro tells him to get out Governor of Guatemala Participates in conquest of Cuba while exploring Yucatan by Cortes Known for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations nad mass murders committed in subjugation of the natives |
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Blasco Nunez de Vela |
First Spanish Viceroy of Peru charged by Charles with enforcement of controversial New Laws which dealth with failure of Encomienda System to project the Indians from the rapacity of the conquistadors and their descendants tries to enforce new laws of 1542, but rebellion breaks out and he's killed No political sense: Do as I say! |
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New Laws of 1542 |
New Laws by Charles I b/c of reformers (las Casas), there to improve the lot with the indians Get rid of Encomienda System: can keep for 3 generations, then goes back to the crown Treat natives better No new encomiendas given |
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Francisco de Orellana |
First to navigate the entire length o fthe Amazon River Float all the way down, no way of turning back to the atlantic (1511-1546) lost an eye in battle |
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Potosi |
City of Bolivia one of the major Silver mines in all the world 1545 Diego Guallpa foudn a bunch of silver on a mountain, which was the rich hill of Potosi Economic motor of Peru |
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Huancavelica |
Location of the major source of mercury which was important for mining |
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Pedro de Valdivia |
Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile Sent to S Am. in 1534 where he served as Lt. under Pizarro in Peru, acting as one of his 2nds in command Settled Santiago: Trouble finding instant wealth there, hard to make a profit |
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Lope de Aguirre |
El Loco, styled himself "Wrath of God, Prince of Freedom, king of Tierra Firme" 'Worst man ever Born" murders leaders, takes over expeditions, writes king and declares independency from Philip II, murders his own daughter in Venezuela Final expedition down the Amazon in search of El Dorado |
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Francisco de Toledo |
Most tyrannical Viceroy in Peru "Supreme Organizer" last Inca of Vilcabamba Tupac Amaru executed tries to reduce indigenous people into central villages: Brings stability to PEru, inspection tour/census, takes MITA institution and uses it for private projects in Potosi |
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Mita |
tribute to Inca government in form of labor public service was required in community-driven projects: building extensive road network all citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year: "Turn or a Season" number of days depends on wealth of family
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Essay Questions |
Rise of Aztec vs. Rise of Incan |
