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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False? One objection to the relativist position of human rights is that it wrongly rejects a very narrow, Western view of human rights as a distinctively Western concept |
False |
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the view that ethics develop within a particular social context; because social contexts are distinct from one another, relativists argue, there cannot be a moral or ethical framework that applies in all contexts. |
Cultural Relativism |
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As far as the historical dimensions of cultural relativism are concerned, the origins of anti-Westernism in connection with human rights trace back to the way that Europeans used human rights historically to justify certain actions. What are some of those? |
-Exclusion of minorities -Imperialism -Slavery - colonialism -exclusion of women |
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The UDHR includes many rights that can be interpreted as entitlements. What are some of these rights? |
-The right to free expression -The right not to be tortured -The right to work |
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UDHR |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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When did the modern language of rights Emerge? |
Rights language developed gradually through Western political history, reaching its first golden age in the European Enlightenment |
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objective rights |
based on divinely sanctioned moral order |
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Secular Rights |
focus the subjective freedoms and liberties of individuals |
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Why can the US Declaration of Independence of 1776 be considered the first grand document of the ‘age of rights’? |
-Because the Declaration of Independence established the radical principle that all men should be free to live independently and with equality -Because the principles enshrined in the Declaration of Independence established the foundation for the US Constitution and its first ten amendments, which constitute the Bill of Rights |
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True or False? The United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights rests upon an explicit and formal philosophical justification of the human rights included |
False |
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The Universal Declaration and other UN Human Rights instrumentalities contain which kind of rights? |
-Liberty Rights -Welfare Rights |
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ICCPR |
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
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ICCPR Rights |
the core and basic rights of the liberal tradition (Liberty Rights) |
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ICESCR |
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
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ICESCR Rights |
collectively share regarding the good human life well lived (“welfare rights”) |
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What is the classical (and problematic) distinction of human rights? |
Liberty/welfare rights |
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In which sense are human rights inherently political? |
-rights translates into local engagement, and quite often bitter confrontation, with prevailing unjust power structures. -subject to interpretation, political context and local circumstances. |
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Negative rights |
require only passive non-interference to be realized |
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positive rights |
actively pursued by state or intergovernmental agents. |
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Constructivists |
argue that the inter-state order has been transformed by the emergence of universal values |
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realists |
argue that rules are regularly broken, and agreements last only as long as they benefit the contracting parties |
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in the mid-1970’s several factors converged to generate a radical change in the power of the human rights regime, what are the factors? |
-The growing legalization of human rights norms -The emergence of human rights INGOs |
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CSCE |
The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe |
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R2P |
Responsibility to Protect |
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R2P states: |
The international community has the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity |
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What factors have been found to be associated with greater levels of state repression? |
-poverty -past repressions -low levels of democracy -weak economic development -war |
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Exclusionary Ideologies |
define the conditions under which it seems appropriate to repress certain categories of people |
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spiral model of human rights change |
a long-term process wherein state-society relations gradually evolve to accommodate human rights norms |
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Which domestic institutions are important for assuring the protection of human rights? |
democratic structures of governance, domestic laws and rules, national and local courts, and governmental human rights institutions or agencies |
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Democracy decreases repression because |
it frightens policymakers, making them aware that there are likely repercussions (i.e. losing power) for engaging in activity that negatively affect citizens’ lives |
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The impact of democracy has been far greater in magnitude than that of |
economic development |
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What are the two major implications of the US case-study for the democracy-repression nexus? |
1. The increase of repression appears to explain the movement towards democracy within the American South 2. Two often neglected aspects of US democracy (suffrage and party competition) were crucial for understanding exactly why repression was enacted against Afro-Americans. |
