Mid-Term

Front 1

_____are carved or scratched signs or simple figures on rocks.

Back 1

Petroglyphs

Front 2

Writing may have evolved in Sumeria because ancient temple chiefs needed_____.

Back 2

to keep records systematically

Front 3

Each script below is found on the Rosetta Stone but one. Which does NOT belong?

Back 3

Latin

Front 4

Like the Sumerians, who used mud to create clay tablets, the Egyptians made good use of their natural resources. They created a paper like substrate for manuscripts out of _______________.

Back 4

papyrus

Front 5

From the Latin for “wedge-shaped,” this method of early writing used a triangular-tipped stylus, which was pushed into clay to form a series of wedge-shaped strokes.

Back 5

cuneiform

Front 6

An alphabet is a series of simple visual symbols that represent ______.

Back 6

speech sounds

Front 7

When the Greeks adopted Phoenician writing, the system employed a directionality called boustrophedon. Eventually,however, the Greeks adopted a ______ direction for their writing that has continued to this day.

Back 7

left-to-right

Front 8

Around the first century BCE, the Roman alphabet—the forerunner of the one we use today—contained twenty-three letters. The letters J, V, and W were added________.

Back 8

during the Middle Ages

Front 9

________was a bold, inscriptional Arabic lettering with extended, thick characters usedwidely on coins, manuscripts, and inscriptions on metal and stone.

Back 9

Kufic

Front 10

The Hangul alphabet consists of fourteen consonants represented by __________.

Back 10

abstract depictions of the mouth and tongue

Front 11

The ancient Chinese invented three of the four innovations listed below. Which does NOT belong?

Back 11

oil paint

Front 12

The Chinese calligraphic writing system consists of logograms, or graphic characters that represent _______.

Back 12

entire words

Front 13

The early Chinese practice of making rubbings allowed for copies to be made of_______ after 165 ce. The originals were carved in stone and required a great deal of space for storage.

Back 13

the Confucian classics

Front 14

China became the first society in which ordinary people were in daily contact with printed images because of the use of printed ________ around the year 1000 ce.

Back 14

money

Front 15

A________ was a seal made by carving calligraphic characters into a flat surfaceof jade, gold, or ivory.

Back 15

chop

Front 16

The Vatican Virgil, an example of the________ manuscript style, includes Virgil’s Aeneid and the Georgics.

Back 16

classical

Front 17

The Celtic manuscript was revolutionary in terms of design innovation because writers ________.

Back 17

left spaces between words

Front 18

In the early scriptoriums, the ________ was responsible for the execution of ornament and image in visual support of the text.

Back 18

illuminator

Front 19

The_________ of a manuscript or book is an inscription, usually at the end,containing facts about its production.

Back 19

colophon

Front 20

So named because they were written between two guidelines that were one inch apart, __________ were rounded, freely drawn letters more suited to rapid writing.

Back 20

uncials

Front 21

________ were the first known European blockprints with a communicational function.

Back 21

Images of saints

Front 22

The Ars moriendi were a type of block book that offered advice on how to ________.

Back 22

prepare for death

Front 23

The style of manuscript lettering Johann Gutenberg adopted for type was ________.

Back 23

textura

Front 24

Several factors created a climate in fifteenth-century Europe that made typography feasible: the demand for books by a literate middle class and by university students, and _______________ , which reached Europe by way of a six-hundred-year journey.

Back 24

paper

Front 25

The mechanization of book production by such means as movable type was sought by printers in Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy. In 1450 in Mainz,Germany, it was _______________ who first brought together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book.

Back 25

Johann Gensfleisch von Gutenberg

Front 26

Published in German and Latin versions in 1493, this six-hundred-page book was an ambitious history of the world from the biblical dawn of creation until 1493. It contained 1,809 woodcut illustrations in its complex, carefully designed 18-by-12-inch pages.

Back 26

Nuremberg Chronicle

Front 27

The Northern Renaissance artist who became well known forhis detailed woodcuts in The Apocalypse andhis modular design system for textura lettering was ________.

Back 27

Albrecht Dürer

Front 28

This Wittenberg printer, artist, and friend of Martin Lutherfurthered the cause of the Protestant Reformation by publicizing it in booksand broadsides. Ironically, ________ also accepted commissions for art fromCatholic clients.

Back 28

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Front 29

The Latin word(s) _______________ mean(s) “cradle” or“rebirth.” Its connotations of birth or beginning caused seventeenth-centurywriters to adopt it as a name for books printed from the invention oftypography until the end of the fifteenth century.

Back 29

incunabula

Front 30

In his book Underweisungder Messung mit dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt (A Course in the Art of Measurementwith Compass and Ruler), _______________ presented the application ofgeometry to architecture, decoration, engineering, and letterforms, including amodular system for constructing a Gothic alphabet based on six stacked squareswith the top and bottom units tilted to form the serifs.

Back 30

Albrecht Dürer

Front 31

Italian examples of Renaissance graphic design did not begin in the city where the Renaissance began, but in ________, a center of commerce and trade.

Back 31

Venice

Front 32

A _______________ is a word, phrase, symbol,or design, or combination of words, phrases, symbols, or designs thatidentifies and distinguishes the source of the goods or services of one partyfrom those of others.

Back 32

trademark

Front 33

Fear and superstition were swept away as scientists began to understand natural phenomena, leading to a shift in content for graphic design. In Erhard Ratdolt’s ____________, sixty diagrams were used to scientifically explain solar and lunar eclipses.

Back 33

Calendarium

Front 34

Atrue renaissance man, Geoffroy Tory’s accomplishments include three of thefollowing. Which does NOT belong?

Back 34

Issuing the first printer’s type specimen sheet

Front 35

Aviso Relation oder Zeitung, which began publication in 1609, was the oldest surviving________ from Augsburg, Germany.

Back 35

newspaper

Front 36

Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune contributed three of the following to the history of typography. Which one does NOT belong?

Back 36

The invention of moveable type

Front 37

John Baskerville’s refined printing resulted from three of the four elements listed below. Which does NOT belong?

Back 37

arabesques in headpieces and tailpieces

Front 38

William Blake’s illustrations for his poetry are in the style known as ______, which contrasted with the styles of layout and typography of Giambattista Bodoni and Pierre Didot.

Back 38

romanticism

Front 39

In 1722, William Caslon designed Caslon Old Style and its italic version.________________ introduced the typeface Caslon into the American colonies,where it was used extensively, including for the official printing of the Declaration of Independence.

Back 39

Benjamin Franklin

Front 40

______ opened in England in 1786 in order to print texts of equal quality to those from Paris and Parma.

Back 40

The Shakespeare Press

Front 41

Robert Thorne of England created a major category of type designs around 1803 called________ , roman faces whose contrast and weight were greatly increased by expanding the thickness of their heavy strokes.

Back 41

fat faces

Front 42

A___________ , invented by Stephen H. Horgan, changes continuous tones into dots of varying sizes. Squares are formed by horizontal and vertical rules etched on pieces of glass. The amount of light that passes through each square determines how big each dot should be.

Back 42

halftone screen

Front 43

___________, the first person credited with producing a photographic image, was a lithographer by trade.

Back 43

Joseph Niépce

Front 44

Louis Daguerre’s early daguerreotype print, “Paris Boulevard,” shows an almost empty Paris street. The reason the street is empty is that Daguerre made the image________.

Back 44

with a long exposure time, and moving subjects were not recorded

Front 45

Eadweard Muybridge, who helped settle a bet on the positioning of a galloping horse’s legs, conducted experiments that became the basis for ________.

Back 45

motion pictures

Front 46

John Ruskin, an English social critic, pointed to the ______ as an example of the union of art and labor to which industrialized society should aspire.

Back 46

Gothic cathedral

Front 47

Arthur Mackmurdo sought inspiration from Renaissance and ______ art for his designs.Some swirling organic forms, in fact, seem to be pure art nouveau because of these influences.

Back 47

Japanese

Front 48

The long-range effect of William Morris’ body of work was ______ throughout the world.

Back 48

a significant upgrade in book design

Front 49

Rudolf Koch, who designed the Neuland typeface, felt that the ______ was a supreme spiritual achievement of humanity.

Back 49

alphabet

Front 50

Morris Benton carefully studied human perception and reading comprehension to develop______ Schoolbook, a type designed for and widely used in textbooks.

Back 50

Century

Front 51

BCE

Back 51

an abbreviation for "before the Common (or Current) Era" and CE as an abbreviation for "Common Era". It is the same a BC or "before Christ".

Front 52

CE

Back 52

an abbreviation for "Common Era". It is the same a AD or "year of our Lord"