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74 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
A 27-year-old housewife presents to her family physician with a 3 month history of fatigue, and a facial rash which is aggravated by sun exposure. Laboratory tests reveal hemoglobin of 10-gm/dl (normal is 12-14) and immune testing reveals auto-antibodies against DNA. What is the most likely diagnosis?A. Rheumatoid ArthritisB. Goodpasture's SyndromeC. Systemic Lupus ErythematousD. Graves DiseaseE. Myasthenia Gravis

C

A 24-year-old medical student is having some difficulty in understanding the role that antibodies play in the destruction of cells due to complement lysis. The professor decides that "seeing is believing" and so sends thestudent to the laboratory. The student is given two flasks. One flask contains antibodies isolated from an individual whose ABO phenotype is A. In the other flask there are red blood cells from an individual whose phenotype is unknown. The student is directed to put the red blood cells into the dish containing agar, and to add the isolated antibodies. In the second step, the student is directed to add all the complement proteins, required for cell lysis, to the agar dish. Following incubation of 37oC, the red blood cells are lysed. The phenotype of the individual from whom the red blood cells were isolated could have been:A. only ABB. only BC. only AD. either AB, B or AE. either AB or B

E

A 17-year-old boy suffered an injury to his left eye when, during a car crash, a sharp silver of glass penetrated his eye, damaging his lens and uveal tract. The glass was removed and the injury repaired with complete recovery. However, 3 weeks later he noticed some redness in the left eye and photophobia, followed by pain and severe visual impairment. The left eye was removed and histologic examination showed an extensively infiltrated uveal tract with abundant lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. Two weeks later the other eye began to show the same symptoms. Since the lens was damaged the most likely scenario is that:A. this is an example of immediate hypersensitivity.B. sequestered antigen was released and initiated an immune response.C. some of the glass must have penetrated the right eye as well.D. the bacteria entered the damaged eye and is causing an infection in both eyes.

B

You are running a tissue typing laboratory and are faced with matching a potential kidney transplant recipient with one of several unrelated donors. Serology indicates 5/6 MHC matches. Which of the following would be the MOST judicious course of action? A. Proceed with transplantation, with no immunosuppression.B. Proceed with transplantation, using cyclosporin and prednisone.C. Wait until you get 6/6 MHC matches.D. Waitfurther matching data from MLR (72 hrs).

B

Which one of the following substances works to directly reverse bronchoconstriction and hence is the treatment of choice in severe allergic respiratory distress? (NOTE: ONLY FOUR CHOICES)A. Cromolyn sodiumB. AntihistaminesC. EpinephrineD. Blocking antibody

C

A new employee in the SPCA was bitten by a rabid dog. The worker was brought to the Emergency Department even though he had been inoculated for tetanus, only three days before he was bitten. The attending physician ordered treatment with anti-rabies immune human globulin. Which one of the following describes the type of immunization the patient received in the emergency unit?A. Active natural immunity.B. Active artificial immunity.C. Passive natural immunity.D. Passive artificial immunity.E. None of the above.

D

A positive DTH skin reaction involves the interaction of:A. antigen, complement, and lymphokines.B. antigen-antibody complexes, complement and neutrophils.C. Memory T cells, cytokines and macrophages.D. IgE antibody, antigen, and mast cells.E. Antigen, macrophages and complement.

C

patient who is allergic to ragweed developed IgE myeloma (plasma cell that secretes IgE). The myeloma IgE does not react with the ragweed pollen. What would be the effect of his myeloma on the severity of his allergic symptoms during hayfever season? A. Increased due to his having more IgE.B. No change.C. Decrease due to the displacement of IgE anti-ragweed on mast cell by myeloma IgE.D. Increase due to the blocking effect of the myeloma

C

You are called to assess a patient in the midst of a rapid blood transfusion for an acute blood loss. She has spiked a fever and feels terribly unwell. You stop the transfusion, infuse saline, and draw blood for typing. This patient is O positive. The most likely cause of the reaction is:A. anti-A reactivity in the recipient.B. anti-B reactivity in the recipient.C. anti-A and anti-B reactivity in the donor.D. could be any of the above.

D

Positive skin tests to Candida albicansor tuberculoprotein have certain aspects in common with a reaction to poison ivy. These similarities include the following: A. They both are chemical responses to caustic irritants.B. They both are due to IgE antibody.C. They both occur within 1 hour of antigen exposure.D. They both are T cell-mediated

D

You prescribe penicillin for your patient. The patient develops a severe allergic reaction and almost dies. In this case, the penicillin molecule was probably acting as a (an): A. adjuvantB. haptenC. immunologic carrierD. immunotoxin

B

312. Infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia occurs in male infants, who begin to suffer from recurrent bacterial infections at about 6-12 months of age. Patients have virtually no B lymphocytes. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The B cell response is intact, but the defect is in antigen processing.B. The defect may be in stem cell differentiation, as indicated by the occurrence of global immunodeficiency.C. The disease is most easily diagnosed by measuring CD4+ lymphocytes in the patient's peripheral blood.D. The age of onset of infections is due to disappearance of maternal antibody

D

A myeloma protein (IgG class)is isolated from serum of a patient.An antibodyis made which bindsto the Fab portion of this myeloma protein. This anti-idiotype antibody would react with: A. the Fc part of the IgG.B. an IgM antibody produced by the same plasma cell that produced the IgG.C. all human kappa chains.D. all human gamma chains.E. The Fc part of IgM

B

Multiple myeloma is a disease that affects primarily the elderly. It is characterized by the proliferation of a single clone of Ig secreting plasma cells. A 60 year-old retired engineer has been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in which the plasma cells secrete IgG. In this malewhich of the following would be competitively inhibited due to the multiple myeloma? (Assume that the specificity of the IgG is to an antigen towhich this patientwould never be exposed.)A. ADCC mediated lysis of target cells (e.g. virally infected cells) by natural killer cells.B. Phagocytosis by phagocytes when the opsonin is IgG.C. Neutralization of both viruses and toxin.D. Only a and b.E. None of the above

D

mmune surveillance should provide the mechanism for the elimination of tumors that express tumor specific antigens. However, the presence of tumors in patients indicate that there are factors that enable the tumor to escape the immune system, as listed below. Whichone of the following is INCORRECT?A. Tumors may be in privileged sites.B. Tumors may change their surface antigens (antigenic modulation).C. Tumor antigens may be recognized by T-cells in the absence of MHC.D. There may be a hole in the T cell repertoire.E. There may be blocking antibodies present which bind to soluble tumor antigens

C

A 52-year-old patient returns for a routine follow-up to an Oncology Clinic six months after surgical removal of a tumor. Physical examination and functional inquiry were within the normal limits. However, laboratory results revealed an elevated level of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Which is the LEAST likely diagnosis?A. Cancer of the colon.B. Stomach cancer.C. Breast cancer.D. Testicular teratocarcinoma.E. Lung cancer

D

A 42-year-old female had a renal transplant. She was treated with cyclosporine and steroids. However, two weeks post transplantation she presented with deteriorating renal function. Her dose of 4immunosuppressive therapy was increased and she responded favorably. Which of the following syndromes did she have?A. Hyperacute rejectionB. Chronic rejectionC. Acute rejectionD. All of the aboveE. Only b + c

C

A kidney biopsy specimen taken from a patient with acute glomerulonephritis and stained with fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody would probably show:A. no fluorescence.B. uniform fluorescence of the glomerular basement membrane.C. patchy, irregular fluorescence of the glomerular basement membrane.D. fluorescent B cells.E. fluorescent macrophages

C

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that causes joint damage and disability. Current therapies react with the products from activated macrophages. Both IL-1 and TNF play an important role in recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Treatments now effective in treating RA react with TNF and remove it. Which disease may recur in some patients who use this form of therapy?A. Inflammatory bowel diseaseB. Gram-negative pneumoniaC. TuberculosisD. OsteoarthritisE. Influenza infections

C

A patient of yours returns to the intensive care unit from the operating room after her third renal transplant in the past 10 years. The two previous grants failed as a result of chronic rejection. Thirty minutes later she complains of severe abdominal cramps, has a fever, and becomes hypotensive. She is returned immediately to the operating room She is not bleeding but her graft shows extensive thrombosis. She did not receive a transfusion during the surgery. What is the most likely explanation?A. Acute rejectionB. Graft versus host reactionC. Hyperacute reactionD. Chronic rejection because she is now conditioned to this type of rejectionE. Type I hypersensitivity

C

ten-month old childhas recurrent bacterial infections but not viral infections. Tests show few circulating B cells. This is consistent with:A.Chronic granulomatous disease.B. C8 deficiency.C. X-linked agammaglobulinemia.D. severe combinedimmunodeficiency disease.E. DiGeorge syndrome

C

Tumors may escape immunosurveillance by any of the following EXCEPT:A. lack of cells recognizing the tumor antigen.B. inability of patients MHC to present that particular tumor antigen.C. antigenic modulation or masking.D. local overexpression of cytokines IL-2 and/or TNF.E. failure to provide costimulation to develop anti-tumor immunity

D

A 4-year-old child suffering from repeated pyogenic infections was found to have normal phagocytic function and cell mediated immune responses. Lymph node biopsy would probably reveal: A. depletion of thymus dependent regions.B. intact germinal centers.C. absence of dendritic cells.D. paucity of plasma cells

D

.A child disturbs a wasp nest, is stung repeatedly, and goes into shock within minutes, manifesting respiratory failure and vascular collapse. This is MOST likely to be due to: A. systemic anaphylaxisB. serum sicknessC. an arthus reactionD. cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

A 6-year-old male washospitalized for bacterial meningitis. Cultures of sputum and CSF yielded many colonies of Haemophilus influenzae . Past history indicated that the patient had numerous bacterial infections including seven episodes of pneumonia. Physical exam showed that tonsillar tissue was scanty. A lymph node biopsy revealed that germinal centers were absent, but that paracortical and medullary areas had normal numbers of lymphocytes. A mumps skin test was positive. Additional studies on this patient would probably show: A. a normal in vitroresponse to PHA.B. absence of T-cells.C. very low (less than 200-mg/dl) serum immunoglobulin levels.D. a positive NBT test

C

Which statement is UNTRUE? A. Hyperacute rejection occurs in minutes to hours.B. Hyperacute rejection is readily treated with immunosuppressive drugs.C. Hyperacute rejection is associated with early thrombosis and endothelial injury.D. Hyperacute rejection is caused by preformed antibodies.

B

You have a patient who makes autoantibodies against his own red blood cells, leading to hemolysis. Which one of the following mechanisms is MOST likely to explain the hemolysis? A. Neutrophils release proteases that lyse the red cells.B. Perforins from cytotoxic T cells lyse the red cells.C. Complement is activated, and membrane attack complexes lyse the red cells.D. Interleukin-2 binds to its receptor on the red cells, which results in lysis of the red cells.

C

A 43-year old patient who has had a vasectomy is evaluated and has high levels ofanti-sperm antibody. The reason underlying the production of these autoantibodies is most likely to be:A. Cross-reacting antibodies following a viral infection.B. Release of sequestered antigen as a result of the vasectomy.C. Polyclonal activation following a bacterial infection.D. Polyclonal activation due to a superantigen.E. Inappropriate class II MHC expression on antigen-presenting cells

B

A 21-year-old female presents with a three week history of symmetrical swelling of the small joints ofthe hands and feet and morning stiffness of one and one-half hour duration. Tests indicate IgM auto-antibodies that have a specificity for Fc portion of IgG. This patient most likely has:A. Rheumatoid ArthritisB. Goodpasture's SyndromeC. Type 1 diabetesD. Graves' DiseaseE. Myasthenia Gravis

A

Mr. Arnold was mowing in his back yard when a bee stung him. He has a known allergy to bee venom, having been stung twice before. He immediately went inside and gave himself an injection with his Epinephrine pen. This saved his life. Which one of the following is true?A. Antigen exposure induced IgG production such that IgG bound to to FcR on mast cells.B. Mr. Arnold did not have any pre-existing antibodies to bee venom.C. Mr. Arnold has previously been sensitized and has IgE antibodies specific for bee venom.D. Immune complexes formed in excess deposit on capillary walls during the effector phase of this reaction type

C

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), is characterized by immune complexes in serum and the basement membranes of many organs and joints. This involves Polyclonal B-cell activation resulting in increased production of IgM and IgG, which activate complement. Which of the following complement proteins functions as a chemotactic attractant for neutrophils, as well as an anaphylatoxin?A. C3aB. C3bC. C4aD. C5aE. C2b

D

A 51-year-old man had a kidney transplant. Following the transplant, he had reduced renal function; which cytokine would be LEAST likely to play a role in this?A. IL-2B. IFNγC. IL-12D. TNFE. IL-4

E

For each clinical situation listed below, select the reaction that is MOST likely to be associated with it.A. Type I hypersensitivity reactionB. Type II hypersensitivity reactionC. Type III hypersensitivity reactionD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Hemolytic disease of the newborn results when passively transferred antibody from the mother reacts with the neonate's erythrocytes

B

For each clinical situation listed below, select the reaction that is MOST likely to be associated with it.A. Type I hypersensitivity reactionB. Type II hypersensitivity reactionC. Type III hypersensitivity reactionD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
n rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid factor (antibody to the immunoglobulin molecule) -antigen complexes deposit in the joints, resulting in an inflammatory reaction

C

For each clinical situation listed below, select the reaction that is MOST likely to be associated with it.A. Type I hypersensitivity reactionB. Type II hypersensitivity reactionC. Type III hypersensitivity reactionD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis appears two weeks after a streptococcal infection.

C

For each clinical situation listed below, select the reaction that is MOST likely to be associated with it.A. Type I hypersensitivity reactionB. Type II hypersensitivity reactionC. Type III hypersensitivity reactionD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Granuloma formation is associated with the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

D

For each clinical situation listed below, select the reaction that is MOST likely to be associated with it.A. Type I hypersensitivity reactionB. Type II hypersensitivity reactionC. Type III hypersensitivity reactionD. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Contact dermatitis is observed in response to nickel-containing jewelry

D

Which one of the following is thought to be involved in the production of autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis?A. Mutated cortisolB. Overactive IFN-γC. Citrullinated peptidesD. Left-over bacterial antigenE. Mutated MIC-B

C

Mast cells release their granule contents to stimulate inflammation in response to:a. antigen binding to IgE on mast cell FcR. b. antigenbinding to IgG on mast cell FcR.c. antigen binding to mast cell antigen receptors.d. antigen binding to mast cell FcR.e. IgE-coated antigen binding to mast cell FcR

A

Successful immune responses to helminth parasites depends on the production of:a. active complement.b. armed effector CTL.c. neutralizing IgA.d. opsonizing IgE.e. opsonizing IgG

D

Upon initial exposure to allergen, plasma cells secrete antigen-specific IgE that binds to mast cell FcεRI. The mast cells are saidto be:a. activated.b. allergenic.c. anaphylactic.d. sensitized.e. tolerized.

D

an immediate allergic mediator released by mast cells is:a. epinephrine.b. IgE.c. IL-4.d. histamine.e. prostaglandin

D

Humansprobably make IgE responses because:a. IgE binds more efficiently to low doses of antigen than IgG.b. IgE is protective against dangerous pollens.c. IgE triggers eosinophils to release products toxic to helminth parasites.d. their T cells were not properly tolerized to self IgE in the thymus.e. they cannot produce enough IgG to protect themselves against allergens

C

All of the following are Type I hypersensitivities EXCEPT:a. an allergy to peanuts.b. an anaphylactic reaction to bee stings.c. a blood transfusion reaction.d. asthma induced by cat dander.e. hay fever

C

A 16 year old female walks outside on a beautiful day and takes a deep breath of ragweed pollen, to which she has a strong Type I hypersensitivity. Which event below will NOT occur within 30 minutes due to this hypersensitivity?a. A local inflammatory response in the nose is induced, resulting in a runny or stuffy nose.b. IgE specific for ragweed pollen is synthesized by B cells in the local lymph nodes.8c. Mast cells respond to the antigen-IgE signal by releasing preformed histamine.d. Ragweed pollen antigen binds to IgE present on mast cell FcRI in the respiratory tract.e. Systemic effects of hypersensitivity such as anaphylactic shock may occur

B

. Type II hypersensitivities involve:a. anaphylactic shock.b. complement-mediated lysis of antibody-coated cells.c. cytotoxic T cell mediated lysis of antibody coated cells.d. chemotaxis of eosinophils.e. IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells

B

All of the following are Type II hypersensitivities EXCEPT:a. a blood transfusion reaction to AB antigens on erythrocytes.b. autoimmune hemolytic anemia, production of autoantibodies to erythrocyte antigens.c. drug-induced hemolytic anemia, production of antibodies to medications which can bind to erythrocytes.d. Grave's disease, production of autoantibodies to TSH receptor on thyroid cells.e. serum sickness, production of antibodies to passively administered foreign antibodies

E

A Type III hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by:a. antibody reacting with membrane antigen epitopes.b. autoimmune reactions to self tissue antigens.c. complement activation by immune complexes deposited in the blood vessel walls, kidneys, and joints.d. cytokine release by Th1 cells.e. the cell-mediated branch of the immune system

C

As he cleared brush near his home, Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake. He went to the emergency room fortreatment with horse IgG anti-rattlesnake venom. About a week after the treatment, Frank experienced a rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and pains in his joints, all symptoms of serum sickness. These symptoms are probably due to:a. a T cell memory response to horse IgG.b. cross reactivity between horse IgG and human IgG.c. late phase damage caused by the rattlesnake venom.d. production ofIgG anti-horse immunoglobulin, which triggered a Type III hypersensitivity.e. production of IgG anti-rattlesnake venom, which triggered a Type III hypersensitivity

D

In the situation described in Question 49above, Frank can be treated with:a. antiserum to complement to block its activation.b. human anti-horse IgG to more quickly clear the horse antibody.c. immunosuppressive drugs toblock B cell production of antibody.d. plasmapheresis to remove antigen-antibody complexes from the blood.e. rattlesnake venom to absorb the horse anti-venom antibody

D

Type IV hypersensitivity (DTH):a. can be passively transferred with CD4 T cells.b. causes chicken pox.c. involves cell damage induced by IgG antibodies which are produced late in an immune response.d. is mediated by memory macrophages

A

A positive skin reaction to tuberculin means that one has:a. an active case of tuberculosis.b. an allergy to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.c. antibodies specific for M. tuberculosis.d. macrophages containing M. tuberculosisin their phagolysosomes.e. memory CD4 T cells specific for M. tuberculosis

E

X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome, resulting in high levels of serum IgM and low levels of serum IgG, is caused by a defect in CD40L expression. The specific immune event that would be prevented by a defective CD40L would be:a. activation of B cells by T-independent antigens.b. failure of B cells to provide co-stimulation for Th2 activation.c. failure of dendritic cells to provide co-stimulation for Th2 activation.d. failure of Th2 cells to provide co-stimulation for B cell isotype switching.e. failure of Th2 cells to provide co-stimulation for B cell proliferation

D

Superantigens:a. avoid immune elimination by only activating T cells.b. fit into the antigen-combining site of most TCR.c. induce a very strong (super) immune response against the pathogens that produce them.d. induce CD4 T cells to over produce cytokines that may cause systemic shock.e. suppress immunity by inducing clonal proliferation

D

olerance is induced by all of the following EXCEPT:a. administration of antigen with adjuvant.b. clonal anergy of self-reactive mature T cells which bind antigen without co-stimulation.c. clonal deletion of self-reactive immature B cells whose BCR is extensively cross-linked by antigen.d. failure of particular MHC alleles to present certain peptides.e. regulatory T cells that suppress immune respon

A

Autoimmune diseases which are associated with Type II hypersensitivity include all of the following EXCEPT:a. Goodpasture's syndrome cause by autoantibodies to Type IV collagen.b. insulin-resistant diabetes caused by autoantibodies to insulin receptor.c. multiple sclerosis caused by Th1 cells specific for proteins in the brain and spinal cord.d. pemphigus vulgaris causedby autoantibodies to epidermal cadherin.e. rheumatic fever caused by antibodies to streptococcal antigens that cross-react with heart tissue

C

nduction of autoimmunity usually involves:a. activation of antigen-specific T cells.b. anergy of antigen-specific B cells.c. development of autoimune disease in everyone with certain HLA alleles.d. occurrence of infection in the absence of inflammation.e. recruitment of antigen-specific dendritic cells to T cell areas of the lymph nodes.

A

Autoantibodies to a cell surface receptor:a. bind the cell tomimic the action of the natural ligand for that receptor.b. block cell activation via that receptor.c. cause the destruction of the cell by ADCC.d. cause the destruction of the cell via complement-mediated lysis.e. All of the above are possible consequences

E

Of the following, it is usually the easiest to identify specific:a. antigens for which autoimmune T cells are specific.b. antigens to which autoantibodies are being produced.c. environmental factors which promoted development of autoimmunity.d. pathogen antigens which initiated the autoimmune response.e. All of the above are equally easy to determine.

B

Epitope (determinant) spreading occurs when:a. antigenic epitopes move from one cell to another.b. B cells specific for one epitope provide co-stimulation to Th2 cells specific for different epitopes.c. CTL killing leads to release of new antigens to which B cells can produce antibodies.d. Th2 cells specific for one epitope on an antigen complex activate B cells specific for several different epitopes on that same complex

C

The link between infection and autoimmunity is related to four of the following observations. Find the exception. a. Antigens on pathogens may induce the production of antibodies which bind self antigen. b. Infection stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines which induce dendritic cells to express more B7.c. Infection stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines which induce dendritic cells to express more MHC molecules.d. Molecular mimicry of self antigen by pathogens antigen results in clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells that might otherwise cause autoimmunity

D

A 12 year-old boy needs a kidney transplant. The best MHC match for this patientwould probably be:a. an unrelated cadaver.b. his brother.c. his cousin.d. his mother.e. his wife

B

Hyperacute graft rejection:a. always occurs if HLA-B or HLA-DR alleles are mismatched.b. can be controlled with Cyclosporin A and anti-CD3.c. causes most transplantation failures.d. is due to the presence of preformed antibodies against graft surface antigens.e. is due to T cell recognition of more than three differences in MHC alleles.

D

A young mother receives a tetanus/diphtheria toxoid booster in the fourth month of her pregnancy. The childis breast fed from birth. At two days of age the child has IgG antibody titers against both of these toxoids. There is no IgM or IgA anti-tetanus or anti-diptheria toxoid titer. This is an example of one of the following:a. Active immunization of the child because of its exposure to the toxoids when the mother received the booster.b. A combination of active and passive immunization of the child.c. Passive immunization attributable to maternal antibody crossing the placenta.d. The result is incorrect because the child has not had time to develop antibodies of any type at this age.e. The result is incorrect because most antibody in the serum at the age comes from colostrums (in breast milk) which is high in IgA

C

The following is/are possible mechanisms for the recognition of self-components by the immune system in autoimmune diseases:a. alteration of a self-antigen so it is recognized as foreign.b. leakage of sequestered self antigen.c. loss of suppressor cells.d. infection with a microorganismthat carries a cross-reactive antigen.e. any of the above

E

Most autoimmune diseases are caused by a:a. single genetic defect.b. known infectious organism.c. constellation of genetic and environmental factors.11d. hormonal dysregulation.e. B cell defect

C

There are many diseases caused by an autoimmune reaction. The pathology in autoimmune diseases due to antibody may be a result of:a. the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.b. antibody blocking a cell receptor.c. antibody-induced phagocytosis.d. antibody-induced complement mediated lysis.e. any of the above

E

A sharp increase in levels of IgG, with a spike in the IgG region seen in the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins is an indication of:a. IgA or IgM deficiencyb. multiple myelomac. macroglobulinemiad. severe fungal infectionse. hypogammaglobulinemi

B

Immunodeficiency disease can result from:a. a developmental defect of T lymphocytes.b. a developmental defect of bone marrow stem cells.c. a defect of phagocyte function.d. a defect in complement function.e. all of the above

E

An inactivated toxin used in a vaccine is called a(n): a. adjuvant.b. attenuated vaccine.c. hemagglutinin.d. neutralizing antigen. e. toxoid

E

Mast cells release their granule contents to stimulate inflammation in response to:a. antigen binding to IgE on mast cell FcεR. b. antigen binding to IgG on mast cell FcεR.c. antigen binding to mast cell antigen receptors.d. antigen binding to mast cell FcεR.e. IgE-coated antigen binding to mast cell FcεR

A

Immune surveillance should provide the mechanism for the elimination of tumors that express tumor specific antigens. However, the presence of tumors in patients indicate that there are factors that enable the tumor to escape the immune system, as listed below. Which one of the following is INCORRECT?a. Tumors may be in privileged sites.b. Tumors may change their surface antigens (antigenic modulation).c. Tumor antigens may be recognized by T-cells inthe absence of MHC.d. There may be a hole in the T cell repertoire

C

An advantage of giving passive immunization is that it provides ___________ immunity.a. cellularb. fasterc. longer lastingd. more specific e. safer

B

Bacterial polysaccharide vaccines are conjugated to proteins so that:a. the polysaccharide can act as an adjuvant to induce better immunity to the protein.b. the polysaccharide looks less like blood typing antigens to the immune system.c. the protein can act as an adjuvant to upregulate B7 expression on APC.d. the protein can stimulate T cell help for polysaccharide-specific B cells.e. none of the above

D