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81 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Death Phase |
phase in a growth curve where the organisms are dying quicker than being they're being replaced |
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Chemotrophs |
use organic molecules |
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Essential Nutrients |
anysubstances that must be provided to an organism; C,H,O,N,P,S & trace elements |
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Facultative |
capable of but not restricted to a particular function or mode of life |
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Hypertonic |
higher concentration of solutes than another |
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Hypotonic |
lower concentration of solutes than another |
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Isotonic |
same concentration of solutes & water |
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Lag Phase |
phase in a growth curve where organisms are adjusting to their environment |
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Log Phase |
phase in a growth curve where population is most actively growing |
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Micronutrient |
substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms |
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Obligate |
restricted to a particular function or mode of life |
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Parasite |
microbe that benefits from host while harming or even killing it |
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Pathogen |
microorganism capable of causing disease |
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Phototroph |
photographic organism |
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Saprobe |
fungus that absorbs nutrients from dead organisms |
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Stationary Phase |
phase in a growth curve where new organisms are produced at same rate as older organisms that are dying |
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Trace Elements |
element required in very small amounts for microbial metabolism |
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Aerobic Respiration |
seriesof reactions that convert glucose to CO2 &allows cell to recover significant amounts of energy; requires oxygen |
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Anaerobic Respiration |
doesnot use O2 as final electron acceptor |
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Anabolism |
buildingup oflarger, more complex molecules (synthesis reactions) |
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Amphibolic Reaction |
reversible metabolic reaction; can be anabolic or catabolic |
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Catabolism |
breakdown oforganic molecules to materials that cells can use (decomposition reactions) |
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Calvin Cycle |
stage of photosynthesis where atmospheric CO2 is fixed & reduced to produce glucose |
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Conjugated Enzyme |
composed of a apoenzyme (protein portion) & one or more nonprotein portions |
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Cofactor |
inorganic ions/organic molecules that are essential for enzyme action |
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Apoenzyme |
protein portion of protein enzymes that is inactive unless bound to one or more cofactors |
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Energy of Activation |
amountof energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed |
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Fermentation |
useonly glycolysis to incompletely oxidize glucose |
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Glycolysis |
most common pathway of glucose breakdown via respiration & fermentation |
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Holoenzyme |
combination of apoenzyme & its cofactors |
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Oxidation |
losing electrons |
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Reduction |
gaining electrons |
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Codon |
triplet of mRNA nucleotides that codes for specific amino acids (AAA: lysine) |
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Chromosome |
molecule of DNA associated with protein |
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Deoxyribose |
sugar nucleotide of DNA |
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Exon |
connected coding sequence of mRNA |
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Gene |
specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide or RNA molecule |
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Genome |
complete cell DNA sequence |
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Genotype |
sum total of genes (genetic makeup) of anorganism |
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Helicase |
binds to DNA at the origin & breaks down the hydrogen bonds untwisting the helix & creating two separate strands (unzipping) |
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Intron |
noncoding sequence of mRNA that is removed to make functional mRNA |
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Ligase |
enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
carries genetic information from DNA to a ribosome |
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Nucleotide |
monomer of nucleic acid composed of a nucleoside & phosphate |
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Okazaki |
fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication (discontinuous) |
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Phenotype |
observable physical traits of an organism which are controlled by genotype |
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Primase |
synthesizing an RNA primer |
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Protein |
complex macromolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & sulfur |
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Purine |
colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation |
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Pyrimidine |
building block of nucleic acids |
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
makes up structure of ribosomes with polypeptides |
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Topoisomerase |
supercoiling & untangling |
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Transcription |
mastercode of DNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule (copying) |
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Translation |
informationin the RNA is used to produce proteins |
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
form of RNA that carries amino acids to ribosome |
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Conjugation |
direct transfer of DNA (distinct plasmid) from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell |
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DNA Hybridization |
measures degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences to determine the genetic distance between two organisms |
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Induced Mutation |
deliberately introduced into the genetic material by exposure to UV rays, alpha, beta, gamma, & X radiation, extreme changes in temperature, & certain mutagenic chemicals |
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Frameshift Mutation |
codons subsequent to an insertion/deletion are displaced, creating new sequences of codons that result in vastly altered polypeptide sequences |
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Northern Blot |
adaptation of Southern blot procedure used to detect specific sequences of RNA by hybridization with complementary DNA |
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Point Mutation |
affects only one base pairs & includes substitutions, insertions & deletions |
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Restriction Endonuclease |
an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases |
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Southern Blot |
procedure for identifying specific sequences of DNA; fragments separated on a gel are transferred directly to a second medium where detection by hybridization takes place |
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DNA Microarray |
numerous distinct ssDNA molecules bound to a substrate & used to probe for complementary sequences |
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Transformation |
horizontal gene transfer where cell takes up DNA from the environment |
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Transduction |
DNA is transferred horizontally from one cell to another via replicating virus |
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Western Blot |
adaptation of Southern blot procedure, used to identify specific amino-acid sequences in proteins |
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Wild Type |
cell normally found in nature: nonmutant |
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Aldehyde |
high level disinfectant compound containing terminal -CHO groups because it cross-links organic functional groups in proteins & nucleic acids |
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Alcohol |
intermediate level disinfectant that denatures proteins & disrupts cell membranes |
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Decontamination |
mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface |
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Disinfection |
destroysmost microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces |
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Antisepsis |
destroysmost microbial life, reducing contamination on a living surface |
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Dry Heat |
used for sterilization |
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Ethylene Oxide |
sterilizing gas |
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Hydrogen Peroxide |
weak disinfectant |
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Filtration |
passage of air/liquid through a material that traps & removes microbes |
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Ionizing Radiation |
wavelengths shorter than 1 nm are energetic enough to create ions by ejecting electrons from atoms |
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Moist Heat |
autoclave using high water pressure to sterilize |
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Pasteurization |
use of heat to kill pathogens & reduce number of spoilage microorganisms |
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Sterilization |
eradication of all organisms except prions |