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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3 Domains
Eukarya, Bateria, Archaea
What types of organisms are Eukarya?
animals, plants, fungi and protists
What types of organisms are Bacteria?
all pathogenic prokaryotes, many non-pathogenic prokaryotes and photoautotrophic prokaryotes
What types of organisms are Archaea?
prokaryotes w/no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles
5 kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What kind of organisms are Monera?
all the prokaryotes
What kind of organisms are Protista?
mostly unicellular, simple, eukaryotic organisms, many kinds
What kind of organisms are Fungi?
unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds and mushrooms
What kind of organisms are Plantae?
some algae, all mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants – all members are multicellular
What kind of organisms are Animalia?
multicellular, sponges, various worms, insects and animals with backbones
Typical bacteria types
Gram - cocci, Gram + cocci, Gram - rods, Gram + rods
Atypical bacteria types
Acid-fast/nocardioform, mycoplasmas, spirochetes, chlamydias, rickettsias, photoautotrophic
Properties of Gram - cocci
rare ones that cause bacterial meningitis and gonorrhea are significant
Properties of Gram - bacilli
•enterobacteriacae
o Enteric bacteria (found in intestines)
o usually mobile
o usually facilitative anaerobe
•Coliform – uses lactose
•usually non-pathogenic native bacteria
•E. coli from cattle can be pathogenic to people
•non-coliform – can't use lactose
•tend to be pathogenic foreign bacteria
Types of Gram - bacilli
•Salmonella (usually from chickens)
•Vibrio Cholerae
•diuretic disease
•fast acting very damaging
•Psudeomonas
•resistant to drugs and heat
•found in soil, get dragged into hot tubs
•frequent hospital illness
•found in hospitals growing in 10% bleach solution – VERY RESISTANT
•green growth
Fastidious Gram - bacilli
o Found in entire body not just in intestines
o Very tiny rods with very specific nutrient requirements
o “picky eaters”
o can be found anywhere in body and in general environment

•Haemophilius influenzae: a flu bacteria

•Bordetella pertussis: Whooping Cough - can be vaccinated against
•effects infants, severe cough, causes cardiac arrest due to inability to breathe

•Legionella : Legionnaires disease hangs out in moist air ducts
•causes pneumonia like symptoms that can be fatal
Properties of Gram + bacilli
- not many are medically important, has peptidoglycan wall, very abundant in the outside environment, most of them form endospores

•most live in outdoor environments, lakes & ponds & soils
•usually spore formers (endospores)
non-spore forming Gram + bacilli
•Corynebacterium diptheriae : Diptheria
•affects children causes swelling that affects breathing
•usually found in people but can be found in enviroment
•currently common in third world countries due to lack of vaccination

•Lactobacillius
•lives in intestine
•used to make food products
•Aerotolerant

•Listeria
•Pregnant women
•crosses placental barrier and causes still birth
•listeriosis affects weakened immune systems
spore-forming Gram + bacilli
•Bacillus anthracis : Anthrax
•Cattle based illness
•Cutaneous (skin) open sores
•inhalation anthrax : severe pneumonia type infection
•spores can be weaponized – bioterrorism

•Clostridium Botulinum: botulism
•Found in soil
•obligate anaerobe
•forms spores when exposed to oxygen
•forms powerful neurotoxin highly toxic
•treated via antibiotics and full life support
•one of the most powerful known toxins
•recovery takes one month to leave hospital and one year to fully recover

•Clostridium tetani : tetanus
•lockjaw
Properties of acid-fast/nocardioforms
-both gram positive
-lipid layer = mycolic acids (thick waxy layer)
-cells grow slowly due to formation of lipid layer (thus difficult to culture)
-resistant to immune system due to waxy layer
-often absorbed by immune system and hide in macrophages
Types of acid-fast/nocardioforms
•Mycobacterium tuberculosis

•Mycobacterium lepri: leprosy
•gets into extremities and eats away at flesh
Properties of Mycoplasmas
•no cell wall
•found in lungs, and very specific stable enviroments
•lung types cause pnumonia
Properties of Spirochetes
-helical or coiled form of spiral shape
-will stain Gram -
-very fast and motile
-borralia disease is caused by ticks – Relapsing Fever, fever that comes and goes, another spirochete
-Genus Leptospira, leptosporosis – can cause severe kidney and liver disease
-dogs rats and wild animals pick it up and carry it in their urine
-easily picked up in natural waters, look for signage
Types of Spirochetes
•Treponoma palladium
•Syphilis can be treated
•if untreated it will infiltrate entire body
•Causes brain degeneration and sores and a very ugly death

•Borrelia spp.
•Lyme disease
•difficult to diagnose and treat
•moves throughout the body
•joints,heart, liver, spleen, Bullseye rash on chest
•3 months or more to treat constant medication

•Borrelia species also cause relapsing fever

•Leptospira
•found in water or soils
•ingestion of water
•urination of animals spread it
•kidney inflamation
Properties of Chlamydias
•obligate intracellular bacteria
•reticulate bodies (when in cell)
•offspring is elemental body
•elemental bodies carry infection to other cells
•When bacteria is in cell it is invisible to immune system and difficult to detect
•Elemental bodies are detectable via immunological (antibody) tests but only in high numbers
•some Chlamydia are carried by bird feces
•some cause blindness
•main form is STD
Properties of Rickettsias
•Gram negative bacteria, rod shaped (coccobacilli)
•obligate intracellular bacteria
•transmitted via pests (lice fleas ticks)
Types of Rickettsia
• Epidemic typhus
• poor personal sanitation contributes
• lice have bacteria, crap on skin, scratching pulls it into body
• Common in wars (ww1&2)

• Murrine – carried by rats fleas

• Rikettsia (rocky mountain spotted fever)
• ticks on deer (caught by hunters when cleaning carcass)
• spotted rash
Photoautotrophic bacteria
Type of photosynthesis different from plants
Some use hydrogen sulfide gas instead of water
Cyanobacteria (blue green) plant photosynthesis
Actinomycetes
cell can form long narrow filments as extensions of their cell walls or membranes, and they congregate and form a film, thy are in nature, but don’t infect animals or humans – forms a clear film over things, unique because of their shape (filamentous) not medically important
Parasites
Anything that lives in or on another organism and causes harm (i.e. takes nutrients)

*Good Parasite has an escape plan (finding a new host)
Parasites: Direct life cycle
• Direct: host → to another host (through environment)
• All Development occurs within host
• Host infected
• Egg or Oocyst released in feces
• environment (water soil food)
• Ingestion or penetration
Parasites: Indirect life cycle
• Indirect
• multiple hosts Definitive Host and Intermediate host
• Definitive Host (sexual reproduction) Gametes, two parents
• Indefinite Host (asexual reproduction) self cloning
• Definitive Host (sexual reproduction)
• Egg or larvae released in feces or urine
• intermediate (Indefinite) host (asexual development)
• like insect, snail, fish or crab etc.
• returns to environment feces, burrowing or host gets eaten
• Ingestion penetration or injection (mosquitoes or fleas)
Protozoan parsites: Amoebas - properties
-don’t have any kind of a shape
-move uniquely in a gliding motion by forming pseudopods (pseudo – fake – pods – feet) streams its body across things by pushing cytoplasm along the surface.
-Entamoeba histolitica is one of the many that cause a severe diarrhea and can be terminal.
-Amoebae like red blood cells, so they ulcerate your intestines so we stop absorbing nutrients and we get other bacterial infections, and we get severe diarrhea, there are antiparasitic drugs, but they have to be administered properly (because we’re working on eukaryotic orgs in eukaryotic setting).
Protozoan parasites: Amoebas - types
• Entamoeba histolytica
• found in water
• like red blood cells
• burrow into intestines to get at blood
• cause secondary infections in intestines
• cause diarrhea and loss of nutrients and fluids
• damage to intestines prevents nutrient absorption
• Needs to be treated with antiparasitic drugs and antibiotics or secondary infection
• Naegleria fowleri
• free living organism
• likes warm moist environments puddles, hotsprings
• can go dormant in unfavorable conditions (dry environment)
• not normally a parasite
• pathogenic to people via inhalation
• when they find themselves in a unfamiliar environment they move
• They migrate to the Brain and eat it, fast.
• Fatal within 2-3 days
• opportunistic parasite, not common or easy to diagnose
• wide ranging symptoms, headaches, fevers seizures,
• very bad parasite (no escape plan) kills host before transfer
Protozoan parasites: Flagellates - properties
• egg shape undulating membranes or multiple flagella
-it doesn’t wrap around the cell
Protozoan parasites: Flagellates -
types
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• infects genitals (penis/vagina)
• nuisance parasite, can eventually damage reproduction
• easy to diagnose and treat
• Giardia lamblia (intestinalis)
• both sexual and asexual reproduction
• passed through fecal material
• two nuclei make a distinctive appearance
• common in all mammals
• campers diarrhea
• can often be carried without symptoms
• concave shape with sucker on inner curve
• sucker clamps onto intestinal wall, blocks nutrients
• classic signs is fatty material in diarrhea
• easily transmissible via unclean hands
Protozoan parasites: Hemoflagellates - properties
“in blood”, all have indirect lifecycles, insects will be the indirect host, we will be the direct host, mostly in South/ Central America
Protozoan parasites: Hemoflagellates - types
• Trypanosoma brucci
• Savannah area of Africa
• TseTse fly carrier (intermediate host)
• causes sleeping sickness
• semi-comatose state
• move and multiply in blood to brain
• sexual reproduction in host, produces oocytes that are transmitted by insects
• Trypansoma cruzi → Chaga's Disease
• Gets into heart and vicera and is fatal
• carried by “kissing bug”
• bug bites, and craps on skin. Scratching moves crap into skin with parasite
• Letshmania sp.
Transmitted via sand fly (arabia)
• cutaneous and visceral versions of illness
• move through blood
-a few cause organ disease
Protozoan parasites: Ciliates - properties/type
o able to move via cillia, and move nutrients around
o Balantidium coli
o relatively huge protozoa
o gets into intestines and causes diarrhea
Protozoan parasites: Apicomplexans - properties
o round, have an apical complex
o obligate intracellular protozoans
o direct and indirect life cycles
o apical complex has enzymes to burrow into cell
Protozoan parasites: Apicomplexans - types
o Plasmodium faciparum (malaria)
• indirect life cycle
• definitive host is mosquito, intermediate host is human
• found all over world in tropical zones
• malaria eradicated in US around 1901
• oocysts hatch in mosquitoe and make sporozooites which get injected into people
• sporozooites clog up proboscis of mosquito, get blown into blood
• migrate to liver, and invade. Tend to burst out all at once
• blood cells then get infected and also burst at same time
• when blood bursts symptoms are shown
• symptoms are recurrent on weekly type cycle
• eventually host is killed, but ample time is given to transmit to new host
o Toxoplasma gondii
• parasite of cats
• cat gets infected, produces oocysts in crap, oocycts get airborn and get into animals
• birds, rats carry parasite to new cat
• litter box carries parasite to people
• weakened immune system creates human vulnerability
• females who are pregnant on first contact, can infect fetus and cause problems
o Cryptosporidium parvum
• direct life cycle
• obligate intracellular parasite
• found in water, very common
• healthy people get intestinal flu like symptoms
• immunodeficient people get severe symptoms w diarrhea and dehydration
• elderly or young also have more severe symptoms
Helminths
worms
Classifications of worms/ structure
1)Trematodes (flukes or flatworms - no segments)
2)Cestodes (segmented flat tapeworms)
3)Nematodes (roundworms - no segments)
Helminths - properties
Eukaryotic
Most are microscopic, larval stages are always microscopic, exception: there are some that are long and thin (tape worms)
Trematodes - properties/types
(flukes or flatworms - no segments)
• in US they infect deer and birds
• human afflicting Trematodes are found mostly in tropics
• Schistosoma (3 types)
• rampant in tropic third world
• 2 affect liver one affects bladder
• Indirect life cycle
• intermediate host is snail
• adults form in liver and form eggs that are released in feces or urine(bladder type)
• eggs hatch in water and search for snail
• they burrow into snail until maturity and burrow out
• larva swim then search for people, and burrow into people
• not fatal, can be treated
• debilitating lingering illness
• American variety only affects birds and causes a rash when attacking people
Cestodes - properties/types
(segmented flat tapeworms)
• most tapeworms have indirect life cycles, very few direct
• some have 5 segments some have thousands of segments
• longest was found in fish (75 meters)
• two suckers on head to hold onto intestines and leech nutrients
• also sometimes have hooks on heads to cling with
• sometimes have suckers sometimes hooks sometimes both sometimes hooks with suckers
• head called scolex
• each segment (proglotids) has both female and male reproductive organs
• segments furthest from head are most mature, when they gather hundreds of eggs they are released
• gravid proglotids are released into environment carrying eggs
• Proglotids are nutritious and use this to carry eggs into host
• larval stages form in muscle tissue in intermediate host and get eaten by primary host
• Beef and pork tapeworms are common, beef tapeworms not in US, pork everywhere
• smallest tapeworm (5 segments) found in US and affects sheep
Nematodes - properties/types
(roundworms - no segments)
• most numerous of all known organisms (more than insects)
• Trichinosis (pork tapeworm)
• Hookworms eat red bloodcells
• found into south east US
• Pinworms
• very common, very easy to transfer
• females lay eggs at night while host is sleeping
• eggs are placed on tip of anus and scratching releases them onto bedding
• eggs get tossed airborne and inhaled
• Toxocara
• dog worm that can be transmitted through placenta
• when it gets into people it migrates randomly causing damage
• A cat worm when it infects people acts the same only it wriggles around under skin