Microbiology Tortora Chapter 27 "environmental Microbiology"

Front 1

Microbes that live in extreme conditions of temperature, acidity, alkalnity, or saninity are called ________.

Back 1

extremophiles

Front 2

Most extremophiles are members of the _________ group.

Back 2

Archae

Front 3

What are extremophiles?

Back 3

microbes that live in extreme conditions of temperature, acidity, alkalinity or salinity

Front 4

What is symbiosis?

Back 4

the interaction between coexisting organisms or populations

Front 5

__________ is the interaction between coexisting organisms or population

Back 5

symbiosis

Front 6

What are mycorrhizae?

Back 6

symbiotic fungi live in and on plant roots that increase the surface area and nutrient absorption of the plant

Front 7

mycorrihizae are symbiotic fungi that live where?

Back 7

in and on plant roots

Front 8

What is the function of mycorrihizae?

Back 8

increase the surface area and nutrient absorption of the plant

Front 9

Why are biogeochemical cycles important?

Back 9

they recycle elements; microorganisms oxidize and reduce elements as needed

Front 10

The primary biogeochemical cycle is what?

Back 10

the carbon cycle

Front 11

carbon dioxide is incorporated, or fixed into organic compounds by what?

Back 11

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

Front 12

Explain the carbon cycle

Back 12

- carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds by photautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
- these orgaic compounds provide nutrients for chemoheterotrophs
- chemoheterotrophs release carbon dioxide that is then used by phoautotrophs
- caron is removed from the cycle when it is i CaCO3 and fossil fuels

Front 13

_________ makes u almost eighty percent of the earth's atmosphere.

Back 13

molecular nitrogen

Front 14

In a process called _________, the amino groups of amino acids are removed and converted into ammonia (NH3).

Back 14

deamination

Front 15

What is deamination?

Back 15

amino groups of amino acids are removed and converted into ammonia (NH3).

Front 16

For deamination to occur, amino acids are first released. What is the release of ammonia called?

Back 16

ammonification

Front 17

How does ammonification occur?

Back 17

First, proteins from dead cells and waste products are decomposed into amino acids = microbial decomposition.

Then, these amino acids release amino groups by deamination.

These released amino groups are converted into ammonia (NH3), and this final step is known as ammonification.

Front 18

In a process called ________, proteins are hydrolytically broken down into amino acids.

Back 18

microbial decomposition

Front 19

In a process called ___________, nitrogen in the ammonium ion is oxidized to produce nitrate.

Back 19

nitrification

Front 20

In nitritification, what is produced?

Back 20

nitrate

Front 21

What is the main reactant in nitrification?

Back 21

nitrogen in the ammonium ion

Front 22

What are the two stages of nitrification?

Back 22

First, Nitrosomonas oxidizes ammonium to nitrites.

Then, Nitrobacter oxidizes nitrites to nitrates.

Front 23

in general, nitrogen assimilated into plants and animals after nitrification go through what? (steps of nitrogen cycle)

Back 23

- decomposition then

- ammonification then

- then nitrofication again

Front 24

in general, nitrogen assimilated into plants and animals after ________ go through decomposition, ammonification, and nitrofication.

Back 24

nitrofication

Front 25

in general, nitrogen in the atmosphere goes through what? (steps of the nitrogen cycle)

Back 25

- fixation

- nitrification

- denitrification

Front 26

________ bacteria reduce the nitrogen in nitrates to molecular nitrogen (N2).

Back 26

Denitrifying

Front 27

Denitrifying backteria does what?

Back 27

reduces the nitrogen in nitrates to molecular nitrogen

Front 28

N2 is converted into ammonia by what?

Back 28

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 29

Microorganisms decompose proteins from dead cells and release _______.

Back 29

amino acids

Front 30

Ammonia is liberated by ____________ of the amino acids.

Back 30

microbial ammonification

Front 31

The nitrogen in ammonia is oxidized to do what?

Back 31

to produce nitrates for energy by nitrifying bacteria

Front 32

Ammonium and nitrate are used by bacteria and plants to do what?

Back 32

to synthesie amino acids that are assembled into proteins

Front 33

What is nitrification?

Back 33

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed with the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates.

Front 34

________ is the process that converts toxic ammonia to less harmful nitrate.

Back 34

nitrification

Front 35

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with _________ into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates.

Back 35

oxygen

Front 36

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ________ with oxygen into nitrate followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates.

Back 36

ammonia

Front 37

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into ______ followed by the oxidation of this ______ into nitrates.

Back 37

nitrites

Front 38

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrites, followed by the oxidation of this nitrite into _______.

Back 38

nitrate

Front 39

________ is the process of releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

Back 39

denitrification

Front 40

___________ is the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria

Back 40

nitrogen fixation

Front 41

The use of microorganisms to remove pollutants is called __________.

Back 41

bioremediation

Front 42

The use of microorganisms to remove _______ is called bioremediation.

Back 42

pollutants

Front 43

The use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants is called __________.

Back 43

bioremediation

Front 44

_________ of oil-spills is greatly enhanced if the resident bacteria are provided with fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus.

Back 44

bioremediation

Front 45

bioremediation of oil spills is greatly enhanced if the resident bacteria are provided with what?

Back 45

fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus

Front 46

What term is best described by the following statement:

" bioremediation that makes use of microbes that have been selected for growth "

Back 46

bioaugmentation

Front 47

What term is best described by the following statement:

" bioremediation making use of specialized microbes "

Back 47

bioaugmentation

Front 48

________ is a process used by gardeners to convert plant remains into the equivalent of natural humus.

Back 48

composting

Front 49

_______ can be used to promote biodegradation of organic matter.

Back 49

composting

Front 50

Photosynthethic algae are located in the ______ zone of a typical pond/lake.

Back 50

limnetic

Front 51

The _______ zone consists of the surface of the open water area away from the shore.

Back 51

limnetic

Front 52

The _______ zone is along the shore.

Back 52

littoral

Front 53

the littoral zone is ______ the shore.

Back 53

along

Front 54

The limnetic zone is _______ the shore.

Back 54

away from

Front 55

The _______ zone is the "middle" zone.

Back 55

profundal

Front 56

The ______ zone is the deeper water under the limnetic zone.

Back 56

profundal

Front 57

The ______ zone contains the sediment at the bottom

Back 57

benthic

Front 58

Microbial poulations of freshwater bodies tend to be most affected by the availability of ________.

Back 58

light

Front 59

Why is light the most important resource for microbial populations of freshwater bodies?

Back 59

Photosynthethic algae are the main source of organic matter, and hence of energy, for the lake

Front 60

The littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic zones describe zones of what type of water?

Back 60

freshwater

Front 61

photosynthethic algae are located in the ______ zone

Back 61

limnetic

Front 62

areas of the limnetic zone with sufficient oxygen contain what?

Back 62

pseudomonads and species of Cytophaga, caulobacter, and hyphomicrobium

Front 63

What type of microorganisms would you typically find in the profundal zone?

Back 63

purple and green sulfur bacteria

Front 64

What type of microorganisms would you expect to find in the benthic zone?

Back 64

desulfovibrio, methane bacteria, and clostridium

Front 65

You would expect to see lots of purple and green sulfur bacteria in the _______ zone.

Back 65

profundal

Front 66

You would expect to see lots of desulfovibrio in the _______ zone

Back 66

benthic

Front 67

You would expect to see lots of methane bacteria in the _______ zone

Back 67

benthic

Front 68

You would expect to see lots of clostridium in the ________ zone

Back 68

benthic

Front 69

You would expect to see lots of pseudomonads in the _______ zone

Back 69

limnetic

Front 70

You would expect to see lots of caulobacter in the ______ zone

Back 70

limnetic

Front 71

You would expect to see lots of hyphomicrobium in the ______ zone

Back 71

limnetic

Front 72

You would expect to see lots of cyano-bacteria in the _______ zone

Back 72

limnetic

Front 73

You would expect to see lots of algae in the _______ zone

Back 73

limnetic

Front 74

The support of oceanic life is largely dependent upon what?

Back 74

phytoplankton

Front 75

What term is best described by the following statement:

" photosynthethic microscopic life "

Back 75

phytoplankton

Front 76

What is microbial light emission?

Back 76

bioluminescence

Front 77

an enzyme called _______ is responsible for the light in bioluminescent organisms

Back 77

luciferase

Front 78

What is luciferase responsible for?

Back 78

it is an enzyme responsible for the light in bioluminescent organisms.

Front 79

What type of pollution can be found in water?

Back 79

microbial pollution

Front 80

What are two diseases that are caused by bacteria shed only in human feces?

Back 80

typhoid fever and cholera

Front 81

What are some common types of chemical pollution?

Back 81

- industrial and agricultural chemicals reach the water

- rural waters have excessive amounts of nitrate from agricultural fertilizers

- pesticides and flurorides contaminate water

- metallic mercury

Front 82

________ is the result of the addion of pollutants or natural nutrients

Back 82

eutrophication

Front 83

What term is best described by the following statement:

" caused by an overabundance of nutrients in lakes and streams "

Back 83

eutrophication

Front 84

What term is best described by the following statement:

" initially causes dense aquatic growth but then this aquatic growth dies and are degraded by bacteria who use up oxygen to do this. Fish and other organisms depend on that oxygen for survival, so eventually, they die as well "

Back 84

eutrophication

Front 85

What is the main source of phosphates in lakes and streams?

Back 85

muicipal waste containing detergents

Front 86

What are indicator organisms?

Back 86

organisms that are consistently present in human feces in substantial numbers, that are not in uncontaminated water normally. If these organisms are found to be in water, it INDICATES that the water has been contaminated with human wastes.

Front 87

What term is best described:

" the presence of this tells us that water has been contaminated with human waste "

Back 87

fecal coliforms

Front 88

_____ bacteria is a term for the most common indicator organism.

Back 88

coliform

Front 89

___________ is a measure of the biologically degradable organic matter in water.

Back 89

biochemical oxygen demand

Front 90

Biochemical oxygen demand is determined by what?

Back 90

the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to metabolize the organic matter

Front 91

The usual first step in sewage treatment is called _____________.

Back 91

primary sewage treatment

Front 92

What term is best described by the following statement:

" large, floating materials in incoming wastewater are screened out. the sewage is allowed to flow through settling chambers to remove sand and similar gritty material, skimmers remove floating oil and grease, and floating debris is shredded through the ground. Then, the sewage passes through sedimentation tanks, where more solid matter settles out"

Back 92

describes the primary sewage treatment

Front 93

Primary treatment removes about ________ of the biochemical oxygen demand of sewage

Back 93

25-35%

Front 94

The more oxygen that is used up as the bacteria degrade the organic matter in the same, the ________ the biochemical oxygen demand is .

Back 94

higher

Front 95

The ________ sewage treatment is/are mostly a physical removal.

Back 95

primary

Front 96

The ________ sewage treatment is/are mostly a biological removal.

Back 96

secondary, tertiary

Front 97

Primary sewage treatment is the removal of solid matter called ________

Back 97

sludge

Front 98

_________ is the biological degradation of organic matter after primary treatment.

Back 98

secondary sweage treatment

Front 99

Two commonly used methods of secondary sewage treatment are ________ and ________ .

Back 99

activated sludge systems and trickling filters

Front 100

During the ___________ air or pure oxygen is passed through the sludge.

Back 100

activated sludge system

Front 101

How does the activated sludge system work?

Back 101

air or pure oxygen is passed through the sludge. Large numbers of sewage-metabolizing microbes are in this sludge, and in the presence of oxygen they oxidize much of the sewage organic matter into carbon dioxide and water.

Front 102

The most effective method of secondary sewage treatment is the _________.

Back 102

activated sludge system

Front 103

__________ describes a sewage treatment that incorporates the use of biofilms.

Back 103

trickling filters

Front 104

What term is best described:

" a biofilm of aerobic microbes grow on a bed of rocks or molded plastic. Sewage is sprayed over this. The aerobic microbes of the biofilm oxidize much of the organic matter in the sewage into carbon dioxide and water. "

Back 104

trickling filters

Front 105

How do trickling filters work?

Back 105

" a biofilm of aerobic microbes grow on a bed of rocks or molded plastic. Sewage is sprayed over this. The aerobic microbes of the biofilm oxidize much of the organic matter in the sewage into carbon dioxide and water. "

Front 106

Sewage solids collecting on the bottom are called ________.

Back 106

sludge

Front 107

____________ works by encouraging the growth of bacteria that degrade sewage into methane and carbon dioxide.

Back 107

anaerobic sludge digesters

Front 108

The main disadvantage of oxidation ponds is that they require large amounts of what?

Back 108

large areas of land

Front 109

What is built for oxidation ponds to work?

Back 109

an artificial lake

Front 110

What is an artificial lake used for in oxidation ponds?

Back 110

to mimic secondary sewage treatment (aerobic conditions by increasing waves)

Front 111

Sludge is placed in an __________; bacteria degrade organic matter and produce simpler organic compounds like methane and carbon dioxide.

Back 111

anaerobic sludge digester

Front 112

________ can be used in rural areas to provide primary treatment of sewage.

Back 112

septic tanks

Front 113

___________ require a large leaching field for the effluent.

Back 113

septic tanks

Front 114

What process is best described:

" nitrate ion to nitrite ion to nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas "

Back 114

denitrification

Front 115

________ is the process in which nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia

Back 115

nitrogen fixation

Front 116

Bacteria that are responsible for nitrogen fixation all rely on the same enzyme, known as __________

Back 116

nitrogenase

Front 117

What does nitrogenase do?

Back 117

It is an enzyme that helps bacteria that are responsible for nitrogen fixation (converting nitrogen gas into ammonia)

Front 118

What term is best described by the following statement:

" free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in particularly high concentrations here "

Back 118

rhizosphere

Front 119

What term is best described:

" a region roughly two millimeters from the plant root"

Back 119

rhizosphere

Front 120

What term is best described by the following statement:

" bacteria that grow 'inside rocks', as they must grow in the near absence of oxygen and with minimal nutrient supplies "

Back 120

endoliths

Front 121

The term endoliths, when broken down, literally means what?

Back 121

inside rocks

Front 122

The primary produces in what systems are chemoautotrophic bacteria?

Back 122

ecological communities WITHOUT light energy/minimal light energy

Front 123

The ammonium ion generally forms under _______ conditions

Back 123

anaerobic

Front 124

hydrogen sulfide generally forms under _________ conditions

Back 124

anaerobic

Front 125

In the sulfur cycle, sulfur dioxide, produced by combustion of fossil fuels, combines with _______ to form sulfurous acid.

Back 125

water

Front 126

In the sulfur cycle, sulfur dioxide, produced by combustion of fossil fuels, combines with water to form ___________.

Back 126

sulfurous acid

Front 127

In the sulfur cycle, _________, produced by combustion of fossil fuels, combines with water to form sulfurous acid.

Back 127

sulfur dioxide

Front 128

Endolithic bacteria are autotrophic bacteria that use _________ as an energy source.

Back 128

hydrogen

Front 129

endolithic bacteria are ________ bacteria that use hydrogen as an energy source

Back 129

autotrophic

Front 130

________ treatment provides drinkable water.

Back 130

tertiary

Front 131

_______ treatment provides water for irrigation only.

Back 131

secondary