Microbiology Tortora 10Th Ed Test 2 Chapter 7 The Control Of Microbial Growth

Front 1

Sepsis

Back 1

refers to microbial contamination.

Front 2

Asepsis

Back 2

is the absence of the significant contamination.

Front 3

Aseptic surgery techniques

Back 3

prevent microbial contamination of wounds

Front 4

Steralization

Back 4

removal of ALL microbial life including SPORES.

Front 5

Commercial Steralization

Back 5

Killing C. botulinum endospores

Front 6

Disinfection

Back 6

removal of vegetative (normal, non-spore) pathogens
Killing pathogens on inanimate (non-moving) objects.

Front 7

Antisepsis

Back 7

Removal of pathogens from LIVING TISSUE.
Disinfectant for external skin, mouth and vagina.

Front 8

Degerming

Back 8

Removal of microbes from limited area

Front 9

Sanitazation

Back 9

Lower microbial counts on eating utensils

Front 10

Biocide/Germicide

Back 10

Kills (cide) microbes.

Front 11

Bacteriostasis

Back 11

Slows down (stasis) growth and reproduction, inhibits but does not kill microbes.

Front 12

Physical methods of killing/removing bacteria

Back 12

Heat
Radiation
Filtration

Front 13

To sanitize

Back 13

to remove pathogens from inanimate object, and it can be ether mechanical (whipeing) or chemical cleaning. When you do not need to sterilize or disinfect.

Front 14

Aseptsis

Back 14

Prevents contamination of OBJECT by microbes. (Used in medicine)

Front 15

Contamination

Back 15

Presence of living microbes on an object.

Front 16

Infection

Back 16

Presence of living, multiplying microbes in host tissues. It is often pathogenic (disease causing)

Front 17

If there is less microbes present they get killed faster or slower.

Back 17

faster

Front 18

Microbes can be harder to kill in certain ________.

Back 18

Environments

Front 19

Microbial characteristics like heat tolerance determine speed of ______ when treated.

Back 19

deth

Front 20

Damaged microbial membrane results in

Back 20

leakage of cellular contents and inhibition of cell growth.

Front 21

In proteins heat and chemicals break down ______ and _______ bonds in enzyme structure resulting in inactivation

Back 21

hydrogen and covalent
inactivation

Front 22

Heat, radiation or chemicals damage _______ acids inhibiting cell _______
and metabolism.

Back 22

nucleic
replication

Front 23

Physical methods of microbial control

Back 23

Heat
Radiation
Filtration

Front 24

Thermal death point (TDP)

Back 24

lowest temperature at which all cells in culture are killed in 10 minutes.

Front 25

Thermal death time (TDT)

Back 25

Minimal time to kill all cells in a culture at a given temperature.

Front 26

Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)

Back 26

How may minutes it takes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature.

Front 27

Thermal Death Time (TDT)

Back 27

Minimal time to kill ALL cells in a culture at a given temperature.

Front 28

Factors influencing Heat Sterilization

Back 28

Length of exposure
Temperature
Is wet or dry heat used

Front 29

Mechanism of action: HEAT

Back 29

Inactivates enzymes
Causes structural changes
Oxidizes causing membrane disruption

Front 30

"Moist" heat

Back 30

Effective qickly against most pathogens.
100*C 10-30minuts
Disinfectant: Spores and some viruses are still resistant.

Safe for CLEAN instruments that DO NOT penetrate tissue.

For soiled items add detergent.

Front 31

Pasteurization

Back 31

Kills non-spore forming pathogens (T.B., Brucella, Salmonella, Streptococcus) and reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens (Lactobacilus and Streptococcus).

63*C for 30min

High temperature for SHORT time 72*C for 15 sec.

Ultra HIGH temperature 140*C for <1 sec. (sterilization of milk)

Front 32

Thermoduric

Back 32

Non-disease causing organisms that survive pasteurization.

Front 33

Autoclave

Back 33

Steam under pressure.
15psi 121*C for 15 minutes or more depending on a volume.

Front 34

Steam in autoclave

Back 34

Displaces air and penetrates. It is CRITICAL to package autoclave properly.

Trapped (airlocks) air is not replaced by steam and reduces the effectiveness of temp and pressure.

Front 35

Moist heat denatures _____

Back 35

Proteins

Front 36

Dry heat sterilization kills by ____

Back 36

oxidation

(Flaming, Incineration, Hot-air sterilization (oven is most desired))

Hot air 170*C for 2 hours.

Front 37

Filtration removes _______

Back 37

Microbes

Front 38

Low temperature inhibit microbial ______

Back 38

growth

Front 39

Example of low temperature treatments.

Back 39

Refrigeration
Deep Freezing
Lyophilization

Front 40

High pressure denatures ___.

Back 40

proteins

Front 41

Desiccation prevents_____.

Back 41

metabolism

Front 42

Drying out is called _____

Back 42

Desiccation

Front 43

Osmotic pressure cause ______.

Back 43

Plasmolysis

Front 44

Plasmolysis

Back 44

Breakdown inside a microbe

Front 45

HEPA filters

Back 45

High efficiency Particle Air Filters remove airborn microbes and filter particles that are >0.3 micrometars.

Used in operating and clean rooms.

Used in rooms of burn and immunocompromised patients.

Front 46

Membrane filters are made of ________________ and have _________ ________ pore size.

Back 46

cellulose nitrate or synthetic polymers and have very small pore size

Front 47

Viruses are ______ of all "microorganisms".

Back 47

smallest

Front 48

Filter sterilization can be use to sterilize _____ or energy _______ materials such as __________ and _______.

Back 48

heat
bacterial media (agar)
drug solutions.

(Agar is put through the filter first t make sure that all microorganisms are out.)

Front 49

POINT MUTATIONS

Back 49

involve changes in only one of few nucleotides (component of nucleic acid)

Front 50

UV and Ionizing radiation

Back 50

is what we are most interested in.

Front 51

Gama Ray ionizing radiation steralization is used to sterilize_____ and _____.

Back 51

Food and plastics.

Front 52

Electron Beam steralization by ionizing radiation is uzed for __________.

Back 52

Pharmaceuticals.

Front 53

*****Ionizing radiation can_______*********

Back 53

break down DNA/RNA

Front 54

Creates free radicals

Back 54

Ionizing Radiation

Front 55

Gamma rays, X-rays and electron beams

Back 55

Cause break in two DNA strands and result in delentions (nucleotide) and translocation (movement of nucliotide to different spot)

Front 56

Free radicals

Back 56

are high energy radiation in which energy can be:

Absorbed by atoms
added to electrons

or
electrons are ejected from atoms which leaves ionized atoms and unpaired electrons.

Front 57

(T) Can break both phosphodiester bonds of DNA helix.

Back 57

Free radicals

Front 58

Ultraviolet light

Back 58

Blueish light used to kill off some circulation bacteria.
It has poor penetration (table/bench tops and small samples of liquid)

Front 59

Pyrimidine dimers

Back 59

caused by ultraviolet light are part of the nucleotide and cause errors during DNA repair.

Front 60

Intense exposure to UV light causes

Back 60

Direct molecular damage.

Front 61

Radiation damages _____

Back 61

DNA

Front 62

Ionizing radiation includes:

Back 62

X rays, Gamma rays and Electron beams)

Front 63

Non-ionizing radiation includes:

Back 63

UV light

Front 64

Microwaves kill by:

Back 64

Heat, but are not especially antimicrobial.

Front 65

Principles of effective disinfection include:

Back 65

Concentration of disinfectant
Organic matter
pH
Time

Front 66

In order to evaluate disinfectant use:

Back 66

Dilution test

Front 67

Dilution test

Back 67

1. Metal rings are dipped in test bacteria and dried.
2. Dried cultures are placed in disinfectant for 10 min at 20*C
3. Rings are transferred to culture media to determine weather bacteria survived treatment.

Front 68

Pseudomonos

Back 68

Very important in nosocomial infections.

Front 69

Types of disinfectants:

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Phenols
Phenolics (Lysol)
Bisphenols
Hexachlorophone
Triclosan

Front 70

Phenolics (Lysol)

Back 70

injures lipid plasma membrane and results in leakage of cell.

Front 71

Bisphenols
Hexachlorophone and Triclosan

Back 71

Disrupt plasma membranes

Front 72

Bigunides (Chlorhexidine)

Back 72

(A lot of disinfectant soaps) Have broad spectrum activiti. Used for microbial control on skin and mucus membranes.

Front 73

Disrupt plasma membranes by blocking lipid synthesis

Back 73

Biguanides (Chlorohexidine)

Front 74

Halogens (Iodine and Chlorine)

Back 74

Oxidizing agents (disinfectant)
Iodine (I2) impairs protein synthesis and alters plasma membrane.

Front 75

Idophore

Back 75

Variation of Iodine. Halogen, +organic molecule from which iodine is released slowly, thus non-staining and non-irritating.

Front 76

Bleach

Back 76

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl)

(Halogen (Chlorine))

Front 77

Alcohol, Ethanol and Isopropanol

Back 77

Disinfectants that denature proteins and dissolve lipids.

Front 78

Hevy Metals (Ag, Hg and Cu)

Back 78

Disinfectants with oligodynamic action. They denature proteins by combining with protein SH groups.

Silver nitrate: used to treat eyes of newborns
Mercuric chloride: bacteriostatic

Front 79

Chemical food preservatives

Back 79

Organic acids
Nitrates
Antibiotics

Front 80

Organic acids

Back 80

Food preservatives that inhibit metabolism or integrity of microbial plasma membrane.

Controls molds and bacteria in food and cosmetics.

Front 81

Organic acids include

Back 81

Sorbic acid
Benzoic acid
Calcium propionate

Front 82

Nitrates

Back 82

Prevent endospore germination

Front 83

Antibiotics

Back 83

Nisin and natamycin prevent spoilage of cheese.

Front 84

Nisin And Natamycin

Back 84

Prevent spoilage of cheese.

Front 85

Aldehyde

Back 85

very effective antimicrobials that inactivate proteins by cross-linking them with functional groups.

Eg.(Glutaraldehyde (cold liqid steralizing agent) and formaldehyde)

Front 86

Gaseous Sterilants

Back 86

Used to sterilize closed chambers without heat by denaturing proteins.

Eg. Ethylene oxide

Front 87

Ethyline oxide

Back 87

Gaseous sterilant that denatures proteins, used to sterilize closed chambers WITHOUT heat.

Front 88

Peroxygens

Back 88

Oxidizing agents (O3 or ozone),

Front 89

H2O2 (ammonium) is

Back 89

Peroxygen that is effective disinfectant for inanimate objects like contact lenses.

Front 90

Peracetic acid

Back 90

Peroxygen that is very effective liquid chemical sporicide (considered STERILANT)

It leaves NO TOXIC RESIDUE and is NOT affected by organic matter.

Front 91

Most resistant infectious proteins

Back 91

Prions

Front 92

Mycobacteria

Back 92

have thick waxy wall

Front 93

Phenolics are good for treatment of

Back 93

Mycobacteria

Front 94

Alchocols are good for treatment of

Back 94

Mycobacteria

Front 95

Glutaraldehyde is fair in treating _______ and good in treating ________.

Back 95

Endospores
Mycobacteria.

Front 96

Modes of sterilization (review)

Back 96

Dry heat
Moist heat
Chemicals (Gases, Liqids)
Radiation
Filtration

Front 97

Boiling

Back 97

100*C for 10 minutes will kill most pathogenic microbes and is the MOST RELIABLE METHOD OF DISINFECTING (not sterilizing) instruments and apparatus.

Front 98

Halogens-Iodine in 70% alcohol

Back 98

is most effective skin germicide but may cause severe reaction and stainin

Front 99

Iodophors

Back 99

Iodine and non-ionic detergents- less toxic and irritating disinfectant.

Eg. Betadine

Front 100

Chlorine

Back 100

Used in disinfecting drinking water, swimming pools and bedpans.

Front 101

Phenolic Compounds

Back 101

Disinfects instruments, utensils, sinks, toilets, floors.

Front 102

Excrata-chlorinated phenolic-hexachlorophane (T)

Back 102

Phenolic compound used as a protective hand wash in O.R.

Front 103

Alcohol-Isopropyl Alcohol 70% is

Back 103

effective skin germicide

Front 104

Oxidizing agent disinfectant

Back 104

hydrogen peroxide

Front 105

Hydrogen Peroxide

Back 105

an antiseptic which liberates oxygen bubbles when in contact with organic material.

It helps MECHANICALLY loosen slough and pus in a wound.

Front 106

Heavy metal disinfectant/antiseptic

Back 106

Silver Nitrate

Front 107

Silver nitrate

Back 107

Heavy metal used on burns but may cause indelible staining of linen.

Previously used in newborns

Front 108

Drying

Back 108

many microbes are killed by drying but spores can withstand drying process.

Front 109

UV light

Back 109

may kill some airborne microbes in O.R.

Front 110

Formeldehyde

Back 110

terminal room fumigation, also means of disinfecting mechanical apparatus such as patient ventilators.

Front 111

Iodophors

Back 111

Iodine and non-ionic detergents that are less toxic and irritating.
Eg. Betadine

Front 112

Filtration (review)

Back 112

pharmaceutical fluids and lab media (agar) are passed through a filter removing microbes.

Air in O.R. is filtered

Face mask filters out microbes but a WET mask ALLOWS MICROBES to pass through.