Microbiology Test 3 Flashcards

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Antimicrobial agents

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A special group of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat diseases caused by microbes

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Antibiosis

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Means "against life"

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Antibiotic

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A chemical substance produced by microorganisms which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria and even destroy bacteria and other microbes.

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Synthetic drug

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a drug synthesized in the laboratory

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Semisynthetic drugs

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partly made by laboratory synthesis

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1910

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Paul Ehrlich used Salvarsan to treat Syphillis (year)

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1935

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Gerhard Domagk discovered prontosil, a red dye, inhibits growth of many gram-positive bacteria (year)

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1936

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Ernest Fourneau discovered that the sulfanilamide portion contained antimicrobial activity

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Selective toxicity

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Antimicrobial drug must harm the microbes without causing significant damage to the host

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Toxic host damage

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causes host damage

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Therapeutic dosage level

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successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the level is maintained

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The Spectrum of Activity

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The range of different microbes against which an antimicrobial agent acts

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Broad spectrum

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Agents effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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Narrow spectrum

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Agents effective against a small number of microbes

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toxicity, allergy, disruption of normal flora

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Three categories of side effects of antimicrobial agents

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natural selection, chromosomal mutation, extrachromosomal resistance (R plasmids or R factors)

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Microorganisms normally acquire antibiotic resistance by genetic changes (3 examples)

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B-lactam ring

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attaches to the enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycans and prevent cell wall synthesis. Contained within Penicillin and cephalosporin

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Antimetabolites

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substances that affect the utilization of metabolites and therefore prevent a cell from carrying out necessary metabolic reactions.

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alteration of targets, alteration of membrane permeability, development of enzymes, alteration of an enzyme, alteration of a metabolic pathway.

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5 mechanisms of microorganism resistance

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Pathogen

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a parasite capable of causing disease in a host

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Host

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any organism that harbors another organism

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Mutualism

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both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship

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Parasitism

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one organism, the parasite, benefits from the relationship, whereas the other organism, the host, is harmed by it.

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Commensalism

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two species live together in a relationship such that one benefits and the other one neither benefits nor is harmed

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Symbiosis

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mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

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Contamination, infection and disease

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can be viewed as a sequence of conditions in which the severity of the effects microbes have on their hosts increases.

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Contamination

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Means that microorganisms are present

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Infection

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Refers to the multiplication of any parasitic organism within or on the host's body

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Disease

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A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

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Pathogenicity

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The capacity to produce disease

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Virulence

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Refers to the intensity of the disease produced by pathogens, and it varies among different microbial species.

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Animal Passage

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The rapid transfer of the pathogen through animals of a species susceptible to infection by that pathogen

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Attenuation

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The weakening of the disease-producing ability of the pathogen.

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Normal (indigenous) Microflora

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organisms that live on or in the body but do not cause disease and have well-established associations with humans.

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Resident Microflora

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comprise microbes that are always present on or in the human body

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Transient Microflora

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microbes that can be present under certain conditions in any of the locations where resident microflora are found.

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Infectious Diseases

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caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths.

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Non-Infectious Diseases

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Caused by any other factor other than infectious organisms

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Inherited diseases

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Diseases that are caused by errors in genetic information

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Congenital Diseases

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Diseases that are structural and functional defects present at birth

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Degenerative Diseases

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Disorders that develop in one or more body system as aging occurrs

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Nutrional Deficiency Diseases

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diseases that lower resistance to infectious diseases and contribute to the severity of infections

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Mental Diseases

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can be caused by a variety of factors (emotional, psychogenic or infection)

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Immunological Diseases

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diseases such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies

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Neoplastic Diseases

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involve abnormal cell growth that leads to harmless or cancerous tumors

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Iatrogenic Diseases

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diseases that are caused by medical procedures and/or treatments

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Idiopathic Diseases

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Diseases whos causes are unknown

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Toxin

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any substance that is poisonous to other organisms

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Exotoxins

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Soluble substances secreted into host tissues, some are enzymes

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Endotoxins

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part of the cell wall and are released into host tissues from gram negative bacteria

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Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

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in tissue culture systems, once inside a cell, viruses cause these observable changes

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Productive Viral Infection

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Occurs when viruses enter a cell and produce infectious offspring

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Abortive Viral Infection

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occurs when viruses enter a cell but are unable to express all their genes to make infectious offspring

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Latent Viral Infection

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a weakened immune system allows the virus to multiply

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Persistent Viral Infections

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involve a continued production of viruses over many months or years. May be so chronic that there are no outward signs of an infection.

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Mycotoxins

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Produced by certain fungi. Cause disease if ingested by humans

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Helminths

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Extracellular parasites that inhabit intestines or other body tissues and many release toxic waste products and antigens in their excretions

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Sign

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a characteristic of a disease that can be observed by examining the patient

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Symptom

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a characteristic of a disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient

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Syndrome

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a combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal combination

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Sequelae

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even after recovery, some diseases have after-effects

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Incubation Period

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the time between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms

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Prodromal Phase

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a short period during which nonspecific, often mild symptoms appear

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Prodrome

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a symptom indicating the onset of a disease

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Invasive Phase

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a period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of the disease

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Decline Phase

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the period of illness during which host defenses and effects of treatment overcome the pathogen

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Covalescent Period

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Tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and body regains strength and recovers.

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Innate Defenses

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those that act against any type of invading agent

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Adaptive Defenses

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respond to particular agents called antigens (e.g. viruses and pathogenic bacteria) by producing protein antibodies and activate lymphocytes

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Physical Barriers

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skin and mucous membranes and chemicals they secrete

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Chemical Barriers

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antimicrobial substances in body fluids (saliva, mucus, gastic juices, iron limitation mech)

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Cellular Defenses

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certain cells that engulf invading microorganisms

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Inflammation

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reddening, swelling and temperature to kill invading agents/inactivate their toxic products

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Molecular defenses

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interferon and complement that destroy or impede invading microorganisms.

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Complement

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Most effective non-specific molecular defense mechanism

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Chemotaxis

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Process that includes PRR's, cytokines and chemokines.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)

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recognize molecular patterns unique to pathogen on the phagocytic cells

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Chemokines

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a class of cytokines that attract additional phagocytes to the site of infection

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Adherence

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the ability of the phagocyte cell membrane to bind to specific molecules on the surface of the microbe

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Antiphagocytic capsule

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the most common means by which bacteria avoid phagocytosis

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Complement System

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coat microbes with antibodies to aid in phagocyte adherence

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Phagosome

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pseudopodia fuse and enclose microorganism within this cytoplasmic vacuole

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Phagolysosome

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lysosomes with digestive enzymes fuse with phagosome embrane

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Inflammation

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the body's defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection

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Calor

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An increase in temperature (heat)

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Rubor

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redness

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Tumor

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Swelling

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Dolor

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Pain at infected or injured site

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Cascade

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a set of reactions that amplify some effect

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Molecular Defenses

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These defenses involve the action of interferon and complement

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Interferon

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Interfere with viral replication in other cells

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Human Beta Defensin II

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destroys pathogens by poking holes in bacterial membranes (on skin)

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Immunity

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refers to the ability of the organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agents

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Susceptibility

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opposite of immunity, the vulnerability of the host to be harmed by infectious agents.

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Immunology

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the study of adaptive immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents and toxins

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Immune System

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consists of various cells, especially lymphocyte, and organs such as the thymus gland that help provide the host with specific immunity to infectious agents.

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Naturally Acquired Adaptive Immunity

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most often obtained by having a specific disease

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Artificially Aquired Adaptive Immunity

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obtained by receiving an antigen by injection of a vaccine or immune system (passive)

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Antigen

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a substance the body identifes as foreign and toward which it mounts an immune response.

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Hapten

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a small molecule can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule

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Antibody

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a protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to the antigen.

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Titer

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the quantity of a substance needed to produce a given reaction.

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B lymphocytes (B cells)

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lymphocytes are processed and mature in tissue, referred to as bursal-equivalent tissue.

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T lymphocytes (T cells)

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stem cells migrate to the thymus, where they undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells

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Natural Killer Cells

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found in tissues circulating in blood and nonspecifically kill cancer cells and viral-infected cells

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Humoral immunity (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic T cells)

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Lymphocytes give rise to these two major types of immune responses

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Constant regions of antibodies

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determines the particular class than an immunoglobulin belongs to

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Variable region of an antibody

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each chain has a particular shape and charge that enable the molecule to bind to a particular antigen

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IgG

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the main class of antibodies that is found in the blood and accounts for as much as 20% of all plasma proteins

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IgA

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class of antibodies that occur in small amounts in blood and larger amounts in body secretions

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IgM

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class of antibodies that are found as a monomer on the surface of B cells and is secreted as a pentamer by plasma cells

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IgE

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class of antibodies that have a special affinity for receptors on the plasma membranes of basophils in blood or mast cell tissues. Present in patients with allergies.

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IgD

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class of antibodies that are found mainly on B cell membranes

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Active Immunization

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the process of inducing active immunity. Can be conferred by administering vaccines or toxoids.

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Vaccine

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a substance that contains an antigen to which the immune system responds

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Toxoid

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an inactivated toxin that is no longer harmful but retains its antigenic properties.

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Antisera

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antibodies that are found in the serum and are introduced into an unprotected individual.

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Immunological Disorder

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a condition that results from an inappropriate or inadequate immune response

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Hypersensitivity

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the immune system reacts in an exaggerated or inappropriate way to a foreign substance.

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Transfusion Reaction

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when matching antigens and antibodies are present in the patients blood at the same time.

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Sensitization

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when an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh positive fetus and produces anti-Rh antibodies if it again encounters with the Rh antigen

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Granulomatous Hypersensitivity

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most serious and usually occurs when macrophages have engulfed pathogens but have failed to kill them.