Microbiology Test 2 Review Ch 6 8 9

Front 1

virus fact

a non-replicating virus particle that shows no sign of life

Back 1

Virons

Front 2

viruses are classified by

Back 2

host range
size
strucure
life cycle

Front 3

virus classifications

structure

Back 3

nucleic acid core

capsid - protein coat surronding the core

envelope- surrounding membrane - notfound on all viruses

spikes - protein structure protruding from the envelope -
not on all viruses have these, they are essential for attaching to the host cell.

Front 4

The protein coat around the nucelic acid is made up of subunits called

Back 4

capsomeres

Front 5

it stores genetic information in both DNA and RNA forms that may be circular or linear

Back 5

Viruses unique

Front 6

ssRNA directly translated by host ribosome is the plus strand.

Back 6

it is acually mRNA.

Complementary ssRNA is the minus strand.
Once it enters the host cell it will be converted to mRNA (plus strand)

Front 7

Life Cycle of Virus - 5 steps

Back 7

absorption - attachment of virion to host cell

penetration - viral genome enters host

uncoating - removal of capsid and evelope

maturation - reassembly of new virons

release - exiting of new virus particles

Front 8

Retroviruses

Back 8

retro - latin word - backward

plstt-straned RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template to make DNA

Use and enzyme called reverse transcriptase

Front 9

HIV

Back 9

Intergrates the circular dsDNA into the host chromosome. This does not always happpen at the same site in the genome.

This intergrated copy of DNA is called provirus. Which can be replicated along with the host DNA.

Proviral DNA can also be transcribed and the resulting mRNA translated into viral proteins.

Front 10

Influenza

Back 10

three types a, b, c

a - responsible for pandemics

the difference is in capsid proteins

HA and NA

Hemagglutinin - used for attachment to host

Neuramindase - Enzyme that breaks down sialic acid; effecs the release of virion from surface of host cell

Front 11

Viral Infections

Back 11

cytopathic affects (CPEs)-
Altered microscopic appearence
-Inclusion body
-Syncytia- function of mutiple host cells into single large cells with multiple nuclei.

Oncogenic - Animal viruses that alter the host cell genetic material; leads to cancer.

end of chapter 6

Front 12

chapter 8

Metabolism functions

Back 12

Catabolism - Degrading macromolecule into smaller molecules; release of energy of ATP (or heat)

Anabolism - Assembly of small molecules into macromolecules; consumption of energy required

Front 13

Enzymes

Back 13

Most are protein; may require a cofactor

Unique characteristics -
Shape, specificity, function

Biological catalyts
-specific for a chemical reaction; not used up or altered in that reaction; can be recycled

Enzymes are coded by genes

An enzyme specifcity is dependent on its 3-D shape (tertiary form)

Enzymes speed up reactions without increasing temparture.

structure- cofactors or either inorganic (metal ions) or organic (vitamins)

if organic it is called coenzyme.

enzymes act as substrates by binding at the active site.

Front 14

a loss of 3-D shape

it is irreversible once it is cooked its cooked

Back 14

Denaturation

Front 15

Two classes of inhibitors

Back 15

Competitive - fill the active site and compete with the normal substrate (ex. sulfanilmide)

see picture
Noncompetitive - interact with another site on the enzyme which causes a change in the 3-D shape (examle) feedback inhibtion - also called end production inhibtion)
A series of enzymes make a product that inhibits the first enzyme in the series.

Front 16

the loss and gain of an electrion is

Back 16

oxidation - loss
reduction - gain

Front 17

Redox in biological systems

Back 17

this is a dehydrogenation reaction.

Front 18

Electron shuttles

Back 18

compounds serves NAD FAD

Front 19

Phosphorylation of ADP
it can occur in 3 ways

Back 19

Substrate - level phosporylation

Oxidative phosphorylaton (chemiosmosis)

photophosphorylation (only found in certain organisms) photosynthetic cells

Front 20

Aerobic Respiration

Back 20

A series of enzyme respriation
glycolysis
TCA - kreb cycle
Electrion transport chain

Converst glucose to CO2

Oxygen serves as final acceptor of electron/hydrogen

Makes lots of ATP

Front 21

Glycolysis

Back 21

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid

Generates NADH as well as ATP

Glycolysis is the first stepin both respiration and fermentation.

Front 22

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Back 22

During this cycle acetyl Co-A is oxidized form CO2

Net: ATP NADH FADH2 and CO2

Front 23

Electron Transport Chain

Back 23

Major source of ATP

oxidative phosphoralative stake

Front 24

ETC carriers

Back 24

Oxidative phosphorlation stage
ATP synthase uses chemiosmosis to pull hydrogen back into cell for energy to make ATP

Front 25

Fermentation

Back 25

Does not require oxygen

Uses and organic molecule as the final elecron acceptor (instead of O)

Types of fermentation
alcohol
mixed acid
lactid acid - homolactic produces lactic acid only
and heterolactic produces lactic acid and acetic acid

Front 26

Interdependency

Back 26

Catabolic reactions provide building blocks for anabolic reactions

ATP synthesis achieved during catabolism

Anabolic reactions require input of ATP

ATP is broken down during anabolism

Front 27

Amphibolism

Back 27

the intergration of catabolism and anabolism to impove cell efficiency

end of chapter 8