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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The removal(loss) of electrons from an atom or molecule.
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Oxidation
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The acceptance(gain) of electrons from an atom or molecule.
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Reduction
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Defined as the partial oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates in the complete absence of molecular O2.
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Fermentation
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The final electron acceptor in fermentation, which is always an organic molecule.
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Pyruvic Acid
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The universal electron acceptor in catalysis
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NAD+
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Compounds that accept electrons.
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Oxidizing Agents
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Defined as the complete oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates to CO2+H2O.
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Respiration
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The final electron acceptor in respiration, which is always an inorganic compound.
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O2
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Organisms that can grow in both oxygen or the absence of oxygen. (E. coli and all enteric bacteria)
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Facultative Anaerobes
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Organisms that require oxygen at all times.
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Strict Aerobes
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Organisms that die in the presence of oxygen.
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Strict Anaerobes
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Form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen (O2) such as (NO3-).
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Anaerobic Respiration
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The partial oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
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Alcohol Fermentation
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The final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation.
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Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
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During the course of normal (aerobic) metabolism, ------- are produced.
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Toxic Compounds
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All aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms contain both these enzymes.
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Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase
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Organisms that lack both superoxide dismutase and catalase and thus cannot tolerate even minute concentrations of oxygen.
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Strict Anaerobes (Clostridium, Desulfovibrio,...)
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Its presence allows lactic acid bacteria like streptococcus, lactobacillus, and enterococcus, which lacks catalase, to tolerate O2.
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Peroxidase
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Orgamisms that like minute amounts of oxygen.
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Microaerophiles
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Organisms that use CO2 as a sole carbon source and inorganic compounds as the source of electrons.
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Chemoautotrophs
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Use organic compounds as sources of carbon and energy(electrons).
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Chemoheterotrophs
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CO2 as carbon source. Light splits H2O --> electrons.
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Photoautotrophs
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Organic carbon, light energy
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Photoheterotrophs
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2 Reducing Agents
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H2 and NADH+H
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2 Oxidizing Agents
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O2 and NAD+
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The phototrophic process where light energy is captured and stored as ATP, without the production of oxygen.
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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
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Use of light energy to synthesise ATP and NADPH by noncyclic photophosphorylation with the production of oxygen from water.
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Oxygenic Photosynthesis
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A mechanism utilized by bacteria to transport a compound into their cell by first allowing the compound to bind with protein on the cell surface followed by altering its chemical structure during its passage across the membrane.
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Group Translocation
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A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein.
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Active Transport
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An organism, such as a strain of bacteria, that has lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for its growth and metabolism as the result of mutational changes.
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Auxotroph
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Enzymes made entirely of RNA with no amino acids. (RNA Catalyst)
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Ribozyme
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A piece of DS-DNA, about 1000 bp in length (1 kb) that makes a product, which may be RNA only or RNA and protein (mostly).
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Classic Bacterial Gene
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Discovered that eukaryotic genes were much larger than bacterial genes with an average size of 10-20 kb.
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Phillip Sharp
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The protein-coding region in the DNA.
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Exon
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A noncoding sequence of DNA within a gene.
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Intron
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Discovered Ribozyme (RNA Catalyst)
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Thomas Cech and Sid Altman
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More than one protein can be made from the same piece of DNA.
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Overlapping Viral Gene
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The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membrane(s).
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Transformation
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First to demonstrate the process of transformation.
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Frederick Griffith
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The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.
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Transduction
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A virus that infects bacterial cells.
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Bacteriophage
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The process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage, and typically carries only bacterial DNA and no viral DNA.
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Generalized Transduction
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The process by which genes that are near the bacteriophage genome may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage.
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Specialized Transduction
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The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
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Conjugation
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Proved that the transforming principle was the DNA.
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Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
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First discovered F plasmid.
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William Hayes
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Showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial conjugation.
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Lederberg and Tatum
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Father of recombinant DNA.
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Herb Boyer
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Cuts palindromic sequences on both strands, between the G and A, which leaves sticky ends.
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Restriction Endonuclease
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Tested the enzyme(Restriction endonuclease), which Boyer discovered, found that it cuts all DNAs leaving cohesive(sticky) ends.
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Janet Mertz and Ron Davis
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Invented the U-tube, where conjugation cannot occur.
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Bernard Davis
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Discovered catalytic abilities of RNA.
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Cech and Altman
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Showed that restriction endonuclease are defense mechanisms for the cell to chop up any foreign DNA with the given sequence.
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Arber, Smith, and Nathans
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Saw that plasmids can be used as vehicles to transport DNA.
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Stanley Cohen
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Successfully made recombinant molecules by mixing plasmids with cohesive ends with foreign DNA with the same cohesive ends. DNA ligase sewed the pieces together.
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Berg, Jackson, and Symons
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Used to add sticky ends to blunt-ended sequences.
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Terminal Transferase
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Can be used to ferry foreign genes into plants, which made plants resistant to viruses and pesticides.
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Tumor Inducing plasmid (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
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Plants with expressed foreign genes.
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Transgenic Plants
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A mouse highly prone to breast cancer.
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Oncomouse
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A protease that dissolves blood clots.
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
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a type of mutation that causes The replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.
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Point Mutation
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A point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
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Missense Mutation
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A point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.
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Nonsense Mutation
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The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
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Frameshift Insertion
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A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing.
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Frameshift Deletion
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Two domains of prokaryotes
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Archaea and Bacteria
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Two domains of prokaryotes
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Archaea and Bacteria
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Study of fungi
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Mycology
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Study of fungi
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Mycology
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Chemoheterotrophic organisms that must consume performed organic matter.
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Fungi
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Chemoheterotrophic organisms that must consume performed organic matter.
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Fungi
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Organisms which obtain nutrients from dead organic matter
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Saprophytes
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Organisms which obtain nutrients from dead organic matter
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Saprophytes
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Need 11 base pairs
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Streptococcus, Bacillus and Haemophilus
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Need 10 base pairs
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Neisseria
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Union of two or more cells with preservation of the individual nuclei; formation of a plasmodium.
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Plasmogamy
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The fusion of two nuclei
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Karyogamy
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The whole body of the fungus
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Thallus
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Non-septate, multinucleate cells
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Coenocytic
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A mass of hypae, which supports the nutrition of the organism
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Mycelium
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Used to describe the condition of spores or hyphae in terms of having or lacking a septa to divide cells.
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Septate
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A long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus.
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Hyphae
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Non-photosynthetic, unicellular eukaryotes
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Protozoa
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Study of algae
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Phycology
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Aerobic eukaryons which carry out plant photosynthesis.
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Algae
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The science of classifying organisms.
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Taxonomy
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The science of classifying organisms.
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Taxonomy
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A genetic element in bacteria that can replicate free in the cytoplasm or can be inserted into the main bacterial chromosome and replicate with the chromosome.
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Episome
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The ability of bacteria to be genetically transformable.
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Competent
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A complex branched glucan, discovered by Louis Pasteur.
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Dextran
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Possess an F plasmid that also includes some DNA taken from the bacterial genome.
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F prime
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An infectious disease that damages the structures of teeth.
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Dental Carries
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A DNA molecule that is separate from and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA.
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Plasmid
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Sexual spore of Rhizopus
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Zygospore
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Causative agent for the Irish potato famine.
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Phytophthora infestans
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A poisonous mushroom
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Amanita
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A relatively weak attraction b/t a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an oxygen or nitrogen atom carrying a partial negative charge, as found in nucleic acids.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A chemical bond that occurs when a metal combines with a non-metal where electrons are transferred from the atoms of the metal to those of the non-metal.
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Ionic Bond
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The bond formed by the condensation reaction b/t the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
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Peptide Bond
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Atoms of non-metals bond to each other by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
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Covalent Bond
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Fats are formed by dehydration synthesis of reactions that form this bond b/t a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid molecule.
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Ester Bond
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A protozoan that moves by flagella and causes dysentery.
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Giardia lamblia
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This protozoan causes malaria
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Source of agar
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Red Algae
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Causative organism of red tides which kill fish and produce nerve toxin for humans.
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Dinoflagellates
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The causative organism of a rare form of encephalitis in young swimmers; always fatal.
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Naegleria fowleri
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A fungus that divides by binary fission
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Schizosaccharomyces
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A parasitic protozoan with no flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
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Sporozoite
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A sexual spore in fungi
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Zygospore
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Organisms which produce a powerful nerotoxin that is transmitted in shellfish
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Clostridium Botulinum
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