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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The molecules of life that make up over 98% of all living tissue are:
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
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The bonds that hold atoms together to form molecules result from electrons interacting with one another. What are these main types of bonds?
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ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
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Macromolecules consist of repeating subunits called?
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monomers
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a polysaccharides is a polymer of?
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carbohydrates
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a polypeptide is a polymer of??
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proteins
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monosaccharides are monomers of
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carbohydrates
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amino acids are monomers of
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proteins
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nucleotides are monomers of
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RNA and DNA
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polynucleic acids are polymers of
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DNA and RNA
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T/F
all macromolecules are polymers. |
True. These are large molecules formed by joining together the same molecules (subunits)
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The formation of macromolecules happens in two steps. what are those two steps?
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1. synthesis of the subunits
2. joining together of the subunits |
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what synthesis reaction occurs in a chemical reaction when H2O is removed?
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dehydration synthesis
energy is consumed |
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what reaction occurs to reverse dehydration, where water is added back?
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hydrolytic reaction or hydrolysis.
energy is released |
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the function of gene regulation is to
a. turn genes on and off b. take nutrients into the cells c. catalyze all reactions |
turn genes on and off
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the subunits of proteins are:
a. nucleotides b. amino acids c. glycerols d. fatty acids |
amino acids
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T/F the function of a protein is determined by its shape
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true
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what do amino acids NOT contain
a. amino group b. alpha carbon c. carboxyl d. R group e. contains all of these groups |
contains all of these groups
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proteins are joined by what type of bond between the amino group and carboxyl group??
a. hydrogen b. peptide c. covalent |
peptide bond
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many amino acids together form a large protein called a..
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polypeptide
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the primary structure of amino acids is determined by
a. sequence b. mutations c. bonds |
a. sequence
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Secondary structure folds a primary structure into a new configuration. (alpha helix and beta sheet) this new configuration has what kind of bonds formed between its amino acids
a. weak b. strong |
weak
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the tertiary structure of a protein has two major shapes:
a. globular b. fibrous c. both d. neither |
both
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T/F denaturation can be reversible
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True
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a medium that contains ingredients that allow quick visual separation of colonies into two classes is called
a. enrichment b. differential c. selective d. chemically defined |
differential
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a medium which has exact concentrations of reagent grade chemicals and contains no extracts is a______ medium.
a. enrichment b. differential c. selective d. chemically defined |
chemically defined
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which of the following is considered a living microorganism?>
a. viruses b. protozoa c. viroids d. prions |
protozoa
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which of the following microscopes has a resolving power of one nanometer?
a. scanning electron b. transmission electron c. compound light d. phase e. fluorescent |
transmission electron
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the general name for prokaryotic organisms without a cell wall is
a. bacilli b. rods c. mycosplasma d. rickettsia |
mycoplamsa
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alternating units of NAM and NAG are unique to bacterial:
a. cell membrane b. endospore coat c. cell wall d. plasma membrane |
cell wall
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organisms are best suited to reduce oxygen tensions between 2 and 10%
a. obligate aerobe b. microaerophile c. obligate anaerobe d. facultative anaerobe |
microaerophile
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organisms that grow equally well at all oxygen tensions. these organisms lack catalase, but retain superoxide dismutase activity
a. obligate aerobe b. aerotolerant c. microaerophile d. facultative anaerobe |
aerotolerant
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organisms that are capapble of growth as either and aerobe or an anaerobe. these organisms typically contain both catalase and superoxide dismutase activity
a. obligate aerobe b. aerotolerant c. microaerophile d. facultative anaerobe |
facultative anaerobe
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organisms that grow only in the presence of atmospheric levels of oxygen (21%)
a. obligate aerobe b. aerotolerant c. microaerophile d. facultative anaerobe |
obligate aerobe
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organisms that grow only in the absence of oxygen
a. obligate aerobe b. aerotolerant c. microaerophile d. obligate anaerobe |
obligate anaerobe
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the portion of lipopolysaccharide that is responsible for the toxic effects of the molecule is
a. teichoic acid b. polysaccharide c. peptidoglycan d. tetrapeptides e. lipid A |
lipid A
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most of the current prokaryotic microbes associated with human diseases are
a. photoautotrophs b. photoheterotrophs c. chemoautogrophes d. chemoheterotrophs |
chemoheterotrophs
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fluouescence microscopy utilizes _____ as the illumination source.
a. xrays b. UV rays c. electon beams d. gamma rays |
UV rays
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which part of a holoenzyme is protein in nature.
a. coenzyme b. cofactor c. apoenzyme |
apoenzyme
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a capsule functions as a virulence factor by____
a. allows bacterium to survive in the intestine b. releasing a toxin that causes cells to lose ability to synthesize proteins c. preventing antibody attachment to the bacterial cell surface d. minimizing surface protein detection on the part of the host's immune system |
minimizing surface protein detection on the part of the host's immune system
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the prokaryotic ribosome is ____S in its sedimentation coefficient.
a. 50 b. 60 c. 70 d. 80 |
70
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dipicolinic acid is a substance found in
a. cell wall of G+ microbes b. cell wall of G- microbes c. spore coat of G+ microbes d. capsule of all capsule-producing microbes |
spore coat of G+ microbes
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T/F
carbohydrates form part of nucleic acids and bacterial cell wall |
true. Carbohydrates are used for energy
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stains have a strong attraction for cell components and stain on the microscope slides are referred to as:
a. acidic dyes b. basic dyes c. neutral dyes d. negative stains |
basic dyes
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which of the following allows for bacteria to withstand extremes of heat, acids ,bases, disinfectants and radiation?
a. capsule b. pseudopodia c. endospore e. cell wall |
endospore
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bacterial cells with teichoic acids in their cell walls will be purpose at the end of the gram stain. T/F
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true
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a microogranism that has optimal temperature of 40 to 60 degrees celsius is classified as
a. halophile b. thermophile c. osmophile d. psychrophile e. mesophile |
thermophile
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which of the following scientists is considered a pioneer of immunology. he also coined the term 'leukocyte
a. Griffith b. L. Pasteur d. Leeuwenhoek c. Metchnikoff e. Semmelweis |
Metchnikoff
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which of the following demonostrated the antimicrobial properties of sulfa drugs, which he derived from a red dye called Prontosil which the body metabolizes to sulfanimilamide?
a. Domagki b.. Pasteur c. Leeuwenhoek d. Fleming e. Lister |
Domagky
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Sabouraud's dextrose agar, which contains certain antibacterial agents that inhibit the growth of bacteria but allows growth of fungi, would be called a(n):
a. enrichment media b. differential media c. basic nutrient media d. selective media |
selective media
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the unit of measurement most commonly used in bacterial microbiology is the
a. nonometer b. millimeter d. angstrom d. centimeter e. micrometer |
micrometer
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enzymes speed up reactions by:
a. converting products into substrates b. breaking the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen c. lowering their energy of activation d. producing heat |
lowering their energy of activation
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what does ligase do during replication of DNA?
a. makes copies of mRNA from DNA b. removes damaged sextions of DNA c. joins together mRNA d. joins together DNA segments e. digests mRNA when it is no longer needed |
joins together DNA segments
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biosynthetic reactions which require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called
a. catabolic reactions b. kinetic energy reactions c. allosteric reactions d. anabolic reactions |
anabolic reactions
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pyruvic acid can be metabolized along two major routes. they are:
a. metabolism, anabolism b. fermentation, respiration c. oxidation, reduction d. anabolism, catabolism |
fermentation, respiration
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the plasma membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a ________bilayer
a. glycoprotein b. lipoprotein c. phospholipid d. peptidoglycan |
phospholipid
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a stain that is used primarliy to identify Mycobacterium:
a. spore stain b. flagellar stain c. gram stain d. acid fast stain e. negative stain |
acid fast stain
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what dye in the gram stain do gram negative bacteria retain?
a. safranin b. iodine c. crystal violet d. methylene blue e. malachite green |
safranin
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the cells that tolerate elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in their environment:
a. halophiles b. mesophiles c. psychrophiles d. capnophiles e. more than one of the above |
capnophiles
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all of the following pertain to immersion oil EXCEPT:
a. has the same refractive index as air b. is placed on the specimen slide with the objective lens lowered into it c. prevents refraction of light passing from the slide to the lens d. enables as much light as possible to enter the lens e. light passes through the oil at the same speed that it passes through light |
has the same refractive index as water
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bacteria adjusting themselves to the environment without any actual cell division occurs during the
a. decline phase b. stationary phase c. logarithmic phase d. lag phase e. incline phase |
lag phase
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which of the following is considered the father of antiseptic surgery?
a. Petri b. Pasteur c. Koch d. Lister |
Lister
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which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial plasma membrane?
a. active transport b. secreting exoenzymes c. synthesis of cell wall parts, DNA, and membrane lipids d. containing enzymes for obtaining energy from nutrients e. providing the bacterial with its shape |
providing the bacteria with its shape.
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if the scientific name, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus is the Genus name.
T/F |
true
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light rays bending as they pass from one density into another is an example of:
a. absorption b. refraction |
refraction
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which of the following sugars is a monosaccharide?
a. sucrose b. lactose c. dextran d. galactose |
Galactose
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organisms are acid-fast because of a unique lipid in their cell walls that bind to the basic fuchsin. the lipid is:
a. techoic acid b. dipicolinic acid c. lipopolysaccharide d. mycolic acid |
mycolic acid
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the bacteria capable of producing spores are:
a. Bacillus anthracis b. Lactobacillus acidophilus c. Treponema pallidu d. clostridium perfringes c. Eschericha coli |
Bacillus anthracis
and Clostridium perfringens |
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in which group of bacteria, is the cell wall surrounded by an outer membrane of lipid bilayer which is toxic?
a. gram positive bacteria b. gram negative bacteria c. acid fast bacteria d. mycoplasma e. none of the above |
gram negative bacteria
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the word "animalcules"was coined by
a. Pasteur b. Leeuwenhoek c. Redi d. Tyndall |
Leeuwenhoek
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Prokaryotic cells
a. contain 70 S ribosomes b. include bacteria c. contain multiple linear chromosomes d. do not contain membrane bound organelles c. A, B, D |
A, B and D
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which is the correct forms?
a. Staphylococcus aureus (italicized) b. Staphylococcus aureus (not italicized) |
italicized
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viruses, viroids and prions are
a. operate intracellularly b. may be considered acellular agents of disease c. contain DNA d. infect only animals e. A and B |
A and B
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The Golden Age of Bacteriology
a. occured late 1800s to early 1900s b. started in the 1990s with the advent of genetic engineering c. is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed d. involved work of scientists such as Pasteur e. A, C and D |
A, C and D
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Genus Mycoplasma
a. has mycolic acid in the cell wall b. naturally lacks cell wall c. has dipicolinic acid in the cell wall d. has pleomophic cells c. B and D |
B and D
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who introduced the modern method of vaccination??
a. Pasteur b. Tyndall c. Jenner d. Schleiden |
Jenner
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the properties of a cell which are determined by it DNA composition are its
a. phenotype b. genotype c. metabolism d. nucleoid |
genotype
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pathogenic bacteria belong to the nutritional type known as;
a. photoheterotrophs b. chemoheterotrophs c. chemoautotrophs d. photoautotrophs |
chemoheterotrophs
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the formation of covalent bond between tow adjacent thymines is caused by
a. mustard gas b. alkylating agents c. microwave radiation d. UV radiation |
alkylating agents
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Chemical mutagens often act by altering the
a. alkyl groups of the nitrogen bases b. nitrogen base sequence c. number of binding sites on the nitrogen base d. hydrogen bonding properties of the nitrogen bases |
nitrogen base sequence
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chemical mutagens that mimic the naturally occurring bases are called
a. nitrogen mustards b. alkylating agents c. base analogs. d. nitrous oxide |
nitrous oxide
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the mechanism by which genes are transferred into bacteria via viruses is called
a. ellipsis b. replica plating c. transformation d. transduction e. conjugation |
conjugation
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which is/are true of coenzymes?
a. they are organic molecules b. they transfer atoms from one molecule to another c. they may bind to a number of different enzymes d. they are synthesized from vitamins e. all of the above |
all of the above.
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which is true of plasmids?
a. they are small circular extra chromosomal pieces of double -stranded DNA b. they are self-replicating c. genetic information for antibiotic resistance reside in them d. all are correct |
all are correct
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the minus strand of DNA serves as the template for RNA production. T/F
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true
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the anticodon determines which amino acid is linked to its tRNA. T/F
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false
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which is true about RNA polymerase?
a. it is used during transcription b. it does not require a primer c. it has a detachable subunit, sigma factor, which recognized the promotor. d. it reads the template in the 3'-5' direction. e. all are true |
all are true
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biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called
a. kinetic energy b. catabolic reactions c. precursor molecules d. anabolic reactions |
anabolic reactions
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bacteria that can absorb light energy and convert it into ATP are commonly called.
a. cytochromes b. lysosomes c. chemotrophs d. phototrophs d. A and C |
photogrophs
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which is true of DNA replication?
a. it is semiconservative b. it starts at an origin of replication c. it is bi-directional d. it requires RNA primers e. all are correct |
all are correct
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the specific sequence of nucleotides int he DNA to which the RNA polymerase attaches is termed the :
a. coding region b. promoter region c. sigma region d. core region |
promoter region
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which is true of competitive inhibition?
a. it involves an allosteric enzyme b. substrate and inhibitor both bind to the active site c. mercury is a competitive inhibitor d. inhibitor has a chemical structure similar to the normal substrate e. B and D |
B and D
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which microscope can be used to visualize viruses and internal cellular structures?
a. transmission electron microscope b. light microscope c. dark field microscope d. florescence microscope |
transmission electron microscope
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enzymes speed up reactions by
a. raising activation energy b. producing heat c. reducing entropy d. lowering activation energy |
lowering activation energy
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studies done by Pasteur showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to alcohol. the components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were:
a. DNA molecules b. enzymes c. lipids d. carbohydrates |
enzymes
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the helices and sheets of amino acids form a protein's
a. primary structure b. secondary structure c. tertiary structure d. quaternary structure |
secondary structure
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prokaryotic cells divide by a process known as:
a. conjugation b. mitosis c. binary fusion d. binary fission |
binary fission
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in the growth curve of a bacteria population, the bacteria are rapidly increasing in number in the
a. lag phase b. exponential (log) phase c. stationary phase d. decline phase e. boomer phase |
exponential phase
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the macromolecule found in the cell walls of all bacteria is
a. diaminopimelic acid b. teichoic acid c. peptidoglycan d. glycocalyz |
peptidoglycan
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a hot tub will most likely contain
a. psychrophiles b. partiers c. thermophiles d. mesophiles |
thermophiles
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