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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis
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Cholera
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Vibrio cholerae
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Pneumonia
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
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Tetanus
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Clostridium tetani
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Leprosy
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Whooping Cough
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Bordetella pertussis
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Rheumatic fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Tularemia
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Francisella tularensis
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Lyme disease
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Clone
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Population of cells derived from a single cell
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Strain
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Genetically different cells within a clone
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DKPCOFGS
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Tularemia
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Francisella tularensis
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Lyme disease
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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taxonomy
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the science of classifying and naming organism based on mutual similarities
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nomenclature
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system of naming organism
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identification (taxonomy)
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practical science of determining that an isolated organism belongs to a particular taxon
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Carolus Linnaeus
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standardized how organisms are named and classify
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Species (Linnaeus)
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a group of organism with similar characteristic that can successfully interbreed (not useful for prokaryotes)
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Robert Whitaker (1959)
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proprosed taxonomic approached based on five kingdom: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryote
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Carl Woese (1976)
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Proposed that all life can be
separated into three Domains and started trend of sequencing rRNA of prokaryote |
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phylogeny
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classification of organism based on evolutionary relationships (relatedness) family tree
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Classification
Morphology |
visual characteristic
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Classification
Nutrition & metabolism |
what an organism eats and how it breaks down food
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Energy Source - Carbon Source - troph
name each type and what each mean |
Energy - Photo and Chemo; sunlight and other organism
Carbon - Auto and Hetero; Atmosphere and other organism |
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require oxygen for metabolism
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obligate aerobes
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grow best in the presence of oxygen, but can survive in anaerobic environment
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facultative anaerobe (these are aerobes)
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killed by oxygen
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obligate anaerobes
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superoxide radical O2-
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superoxide dismutase
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peroxide O2 -2
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catalase
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hydroxyl radical OH-
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peroxidase
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a type of anaerobe that can tolerate oxygen
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aerotolerate anaerobes
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a type of anaerobes that have a limited ability to tolerate oxygen
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microaerophiles
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bacteria that convert N2 to NH3
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Nitrogen fixers
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Nitrogen uses
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used to make amino acids, nucleotide, growth limiting nutrient - when you run out of N growth ceases
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Psychophiles
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optimum 10C
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Mesophiles
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optimum between 20 and 40C
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Thermophile
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optimum is above 40C
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Hyperthermophile
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optimum is above 80C
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Neutrophiles
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optimum us near neutral 6.5 to 7.5
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Acidophiles
obligate acidophile acid-tolerant |
grows best in acidic environment
requires acidic environment can tolerate acidic environment |
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Alkalinophiles
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grows best in alkaline environment (basic)
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Halophiles
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grows best in hypertonic environment
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Barophiles
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lives at very high pressures
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methods to classify an organism
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Serological tests: can ab sick to organism
Phage typing: can bacteriophage (virus) infect bacterica Analysis of nucleic acids: how similar are the DNA or RNA |
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Dichotomous Keys
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series of paired statements worded so that only one of two choices applies to any particular organism
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Cladogram
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diagram to show evolutionary relationship
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binary fission
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cell grows then divide to produce two cells
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generation time
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the time it takes for binary fission to go from one generation to the next
the number of cells in a culture arising from one cell = 2^n, n= number of generation |
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Growth curve
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a graph that plots the number of organisms growing in a population over time
number of cells (logarithmic scale) vs time |
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Microbial Phases of Growth
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lag
log stationary death |
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Lag Phase
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adjusting to new environment
flat horizontal line |
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Log Phase
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exponential growth, active binary fission lots of food
# of cells produced > # of cells dying maintain cell wall where most experimentation occurs upward slope line |
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Stationary Phase
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food is starting to run out; waste building up
# of cells produced = # of cells dying reached carrying capacity of culture flat horizontal line |
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Death Phase
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out of nutrients; waste are overwhelming
# of cells produced < # of cells dying Downward slope line |
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Domain Archaea
Characteristic |
cell wall: not peptidoglycan
unique rRNA prokaryotes DNA has introns Many are extremophile |
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DA
Halobacterium |
halophile 17-23% salt
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bactriorhodopsin
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purple pigment that halobacterium use to harvest sunlight
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DA
Sulfolobus |
acidophile pH 2
thermophile 70C found in sulfur-rich hot springs uses S for cellular respiration |
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DA
Methanobacterium |
a methanogen
largest group in Archaea found in marshes, swamps, marine sediments, and intestines of animals used in sewage treatment |
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biogas
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methane from digestion of sludge, organic waste (cow manure or landfill waste) by Methanobacterium
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Bergey's Manual
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standard taxonomic reference for Bacteria
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Bergey's Manual 4 volumes
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1. Gram +
2. Gram - 3. Bacteria with unusual properties 4. Filamentous bacteria |
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Domain Bacteria Characteristic
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cell walls: peptidoglycan
Unique rRNA prokaryote |
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DB
P Cyanobacteria |
Gram -
many are N fixers Oxygenic photoautotrophs |
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DB "purple and green sulfur bacteria"
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anaeorbic
live in deep H2S rich sediments of lake and ponds anoxygenic photoautotroph uses bacteriochlorphyll |
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DB
P Firmicutes |
low GC Gram +
includes endospore formers and bacteria important to health and industry Clostridium, Streptococcus, and Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus |
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Clostridium
D,P? Structure examples |
Domain Bacteria
Phylum Firmicutes Rod shaped, obligate anaerobe, endospore former C. botulinum, perfringens (gangrene), tetani |
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Clostridium botulinum
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botulism: paralysis that leads to respiratory failure & death
toxins: the world;s most toxic proteins Botox |
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Streptococcus
D,P? facts? examples |
Domain Bacteria
Phylum Firmicutes responsible for more illnesses than any other groups S. pyogenes, pneumoniae, mutans (dental caries) |
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DB
P Actinobacteria |
high GC Gram +
pleomorphic many filamentous growth Mycobacterium, and Streptomyces, Corynebacterium |
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Mycobacterium
D,P? Structure examples |
Domain Bacteria
Phylum Actinobacteria acid fast bacilli mycolic acid provides protection M. tuberculosis, leprae |
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DB
P Proteobacteria |
Gram -
Chemoheterotrophs Class: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon (based on 16S rRNA) |
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C
Alphaproteobacteria facts examples |
can live in low nutrient
nitrogen fixers, plant symbionts, pathogens and the precursors to mitochrondria |
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Rickettsia
D,P,C? Structure examples |
Domain Bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria Class Alphaproteobacteria causes rocky mountain spotted fever obligate intracellular parasite enter cells by inducing phagocytosis |
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C
Betaproteobacteria |
can use nutrient that come from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (H2, methane, ammonia)
G: Bordetella, Neisseria |
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Bordetella pertussis
D,P,C what is it |
Domain bacteria
Phylum proteobacteria Class betaproteobacteria nonmotile, aerobic coccobacillus whooping cough attach and kills ciliated cells prolonged severe coughing |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D,P,C |
Domain bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria Class Betaproteobacteria aerobic diplococci causes gonorrhea males: painful urination, pus female: asymptomatic bacterium turns off part of the immune system making patient vulnerable to other infections |
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C
Gammaproteobacteria |
largest group of proteobacteria
F. Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia, Salmonella, etc._ |
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F
Enterobacteriaceae |
"enteric"
facultaive anaerobes, intestinal dwellers active fermenters |
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Escherichia coli
D,P,C,F |
Domain bacteria
Phylum proteobacteria Class gammaproteobacteria Family Enterobacteriaceae most common inhabitant of human intestines occasionally opportunistic pathogen pathogenic E. coli are strain that can make toxins |
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Salmonella enterica
D,P,C,F |
Domain bacteria
Phylum proteobacteria Class gammaproteobacteria Family Enterobacteriaceae motile produces hydrogen sulfide 2000 sub species can colonize almost all animals fecal oral route |
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Salmonella enterica
causes these (2) |
enteritis (salmonellosis): diarrhea, vomitting, fever, most common, take 10^6-8 to infect
typhoid fever: high fever, stomach pain, rash, common in developing nations, takes 10^3-4 to infect |
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DB
P Spirochaetes |
coiled morphology
move via axial filaments to corkscrew through environment many are normal oral flora |
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Treponema pallidum
D,P |
Domain bacteria
Phylum spirochaetes causes syphillis |
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mycology
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the study of fungi
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Kingdom Fungi Characteristic
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have cell wall: chitin
aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemohetereotrophic most are decomposers |
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saprotroph
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eats dead/decaying material
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osmotroph
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eat by absorption
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mycosis
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disease caused by fungus growing on or in it
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risk factor for fungal infection
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compromised immune system
* use of ab * chemotherapy * HIV infection |
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Candida albicans
(localized) |
localized, superficial infections because:
*problem with epithelial barrier *changes in normal vaginal environment |
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Candida albicans
(symptoms) |
inflammation
white plaques or creamy discharge transmitted sexually or during childbirth |
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Candida albicans
(pathogenesis) |
path - unknown
can exist in yeast or psuedohyphal form - p form appears to be pathogenic form |
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Mycotocicosis
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disease caused by a toxin produced by the fungus
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Aspergillus flavus
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Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota contaminates stored food products (grain, milk, corn) produces aflatoxin |
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aflatoxin
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toxic to the liver, carcinogen
high conc - malaise, low fever, diminished appetite chronic - carcinogen, liver cancer |
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Protozoa
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single celled animal like protist
most are chemohetereotroph most are free living some are pathogenic |
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Protozoa (motility)
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cilia undulation
flagella undulation psuedopodia (amoeboid movement) - extension of cytoplam & cell membrane |
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holozoic
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eat whole organisms
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cytosome
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protozoa
"mouth"; specific location where endocytosis occurs a little grove |
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Protozoa (gather food)
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cillia or flagella sweeps food into cytosome
pseudopodia - captures food then endocytosis |
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pellicle
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protozoa
found on all ciliates; flexible outer coating providing protection |
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skeleton of protozoa
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external; glass or calcium carbonate
provide structure and protection |
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trichocyst
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poison darts; shoot out in response to chemical or physical simulation
attachment |
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Acanthamoeba
K,P,? |
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Amoebazoa free living organism; oprtunistic pathogen moved by psuedopodia skin, eye, brain infections from contaminated pools & hot tub |
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Plasmodium
K,P,? |
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Apicomplexa 4 separate species causes malaria P. falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae |
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malaria
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begins with headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomitting
reoccuring cycles (~48 hours) of high fever, chills, sweating, exhaustion cycles can stay mild and eventually stop or progress to severe attacks which can be fatal |
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Plasmodium life cycle
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Plasmodium
Diagnosis & Treatment |
Diagnosis mainly based upon microscopy
treatment is Quinine Extract of tree bark from cinchona tree “Gin & Tonic” |
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Phycology
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the study of algae
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Algae
Characteristic |
unicellular/multicellular
cell wall: cellulose, agar, glass oxygenic photoautotroph chloroplasts Aquatic environment |
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Algal pigments (level)
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algae use variety of pigments for photosynthesis
different colors for different wavelength of light |
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Algal pigments
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Chlorophylls: a, b, and c; main pigments to capture light energy
Phycobilins (red) and Carotenoids (orange): used to harvest light energy and pass it on to chlorophylls |
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Phylum Bacillariophyta
K, characteristic |
Kingdom Protista
unicellular cell wall glass all algal pigments ex. diatoms |
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Diatomaceous earth
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sediment of diatoms
used in: insecticide abrasive in toothpaste, polish, cleansers filtration dynamite |
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Phylum Dinophyta
K, characteristic |
Kingdom Protista
Dinoflagellates (plankton) Cell walls: cellulose Unicellular Some are bioluminescent Some produce neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning |
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Alexandrium
K,P, ? |
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Dinophyta produces saxitoxin (neurotoxin), red tide |
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Why study Kingdom Animalia in Micro
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Some are vector that carry microbial pathogen
Some are parasites (have microscopic phase in life cycle) |
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Parasites
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chemohetereotroph
varied in size shape life cycle |
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Endoparasite
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lives inside the host
part of life cycle may occur in environment, mature form is inside a host |
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Ectoparasites
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live outside/on the host
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Helminths
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parasitic worm
highly adapted to life inside an animal |
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Helminths
Characteristic |
poorly developed digestive system
poorly developed muscular and nervous system complex reproductive system |
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Helminths
Life Cycle |
Larvae stage (immature/not adult)
occurs in one or more intermediate host numerous Adult stage (mature, reproductive stage) occurs in the definitive host produce enormous numbers of offspring |
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monoecious
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adult has both male and female sex
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dioecious
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adult has either male or female not both
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Helminths
why two hosts |
Adults & offspring occupy separate habitats
less competition for resources Less damage to host Population dispersed throughout environment for better chance of species survival |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
K, ?, 2 classes |
Kingdom Animalia
flat worms causes disease in many animals 1. Trematoda - flukes 2. Cestoda - tape worms |
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Schistosoma haematobium
K,P,C |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda blood fluke |
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Schistosoma haematobium
life cycle |
miricidium: young larval form that enters snail; ciliated
Redia: larval stage in snail; produced by miricidium asexually Cercaria: larval stage that leaves the snail and burrows into the skin of a person; produced by redia via asexual reproduction Adults: reside in blood vessels of intestinal tract and bladder |
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Schistosoma haematobium
disease |
Shistosmiasis (Bilharzia)
inflammation response to eggs symptoms: anemia, fatigue, damage to liver and kidneys' blood vessel, blood in urine |
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"swimmer itch"
K,P,C,? |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda allergic reaction to cercariae invading your skin various flukes no further disease |
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Phylum Nematoda
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Round worms with tapered ends
Complete digestive system dioecious |
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Trichinella
K,P, ? |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda Acquire by eating infected meat cooking will kill most freezing kill those only in pork not wild game |
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Trichinella spiralis
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Trichinella in pork
most infections are Asymptomatic commonly target diaphragm and eye muscle |
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Phylum Arthopoda
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exoskeleton, jointed legs
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes, tse tse flies, “kissing bugs”, ticks Some transmit diseases (vectors) Controlling diseases usually revolves around controlling vectors |
