Microbiology - Mod 6

Front 1

Clostridium botulinum

Back 1

Anaerobic gram +ve spore forming rod

1. Foodborne- ingested (or directly into wound)

2. Causative agent in Botulism & floppy baby syndrome (infant botulism)

3. S/S: vision problems, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, dyspnea, muscle weakness, constipation, flaccid paralysis.

Front 2

Clostridium difficile

Back 2

Anaerobic gram +ve spore forming rod

1. Causes pseudomembranous coilitis (most cases in hospital setting)

2. Mechanism: antibiotics disrupts gut flora allowing c. difficile to infect

3. Tx: fecal transplant, probiotics, vancomycin

Front 3

Clostridium perrfringens

Back 3

Anaerobic gram +vespore forming rod

1. Opportunistic; foodborne illness from poorly prepared met and poultry

2. Most frequent microbial cause of gas gangrene

3. bacteria enters muscle following traumatic injury; destroys muscle and releases gases.

4. Tx: potential amputation, antibiotics, hyperbaric O2 therapy

Front 4

Clostridium tetani

Back 4

Anaerobic gram +vespore forming rod

1. Causes tetanus

2. vaccine in early childhood, booster every 10yr

3. spores enter wound and vegetate (toxin produced)

4. s/s: spastic paralysis; starts mild in jaw, tetany

Front 5

Proprionibacterium spp

Back 5

non-spore forming gram +ve anaerobic bacteria

1. live in and adjacent to sweat and sebaceous glands (commensals of humans)

2. s/s: acne, blepharitis and some skin infections

3. tx: antiobiotics (tetracyclines)

Front 6

Actinomycesspp

Back 6

non-spore forming gram +ve anaerobic bacteria

1. rod shaped fungus like branched network

2. often cause oral abscesses and infections after dental procedures

Front 7

Escherichia coli

Back 7

lactose fermenting, gram -ve rods (stain pink)

2. causes common bacterial infections, food poisoning, UTI, neonatal meningitis (fever, headache, stiff neck), periotonitis, minor pneumonia

3. Source: undercooked beef, contaminated drinking water, unwashed veggies/fruits. (oral-fecal transmission in people)

4. leading cause of diarrhea in dev. worlds and travelers

Front 8

EnterohemorrhagicE. coli (EHEC)

Back 8

produce shiga like toxin (verotoxin)- acts on blood vessels causing them to die.

1. causes dysentery: diarrhea w. blood and/or mucus/pus

2. can lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome from shiga-like toxin and LPS

Front 9

Klebsiellapneumoniae

Back 9

lactose fermenting, encapsulated bacteria

found in nose, mouth and GI tract

may be precipitating cause of ankylosing spondylitis

Front 10

Salmonella spp

Back 10

non-lactose fermenting

produces H2S

two types: typhoid & salmonella

ingested in undercooked pork, poultry and eggs, contaminated fruits and veggies

salmonella typhi--> typhoid fever

Front 11

Shigella spp.

Back 11

non-lactose fermenting

non-motile, facultative intracell bacteria

causes food poisoning (shigellosis)

oral-fecal transmission, contaminated water or picnic foods.

Front 12

Yersinia spp.

Back 12

non-lactose fermenting

facultative intracellular bacteria

can survive and proliferate at low temps (1-4oC)

two types: 1 via undercooked pork, bad H2O, meat or milk. 2. from infected rat fleas (plague)

Front 13

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 13

no capsule, gram -ve diplococcus bacteria

facultative intracellular

bacteria bypass epithelial tissue and cause immune response against LOS

s/s: burning on urination, foul smelling discharge, pelvic pain (women), painful intercourse

Front 14

Neisseriameningitidis

Back 14

no plasmids;gram -ve diplococcus, facultative intracellular bacteria

produce 100-1000x more LOS than other gram-

causes meningococcal infection

Front 15

VibroCholerae

Back 15

gram -ve, curved rod/comma shaped; facultative anaerobe, no spores

causes profuse diarrhea of clear fluid (profuse, rice-water diarrhea)

tranmission: bacteria enter H2O/food and replicate in sm intestine (oral-fecal trans)

produces cholera toxin

vaccine: dukoral (oral)

Front 16

Vibro parahaemolyticus

Back 16

gram -ve, curved rod/comma shaped; facultative anaerobe, no spores

found in brackish waters- contaminated seafood

bloody diarrhea

Front 17

Vibro vulnificus

Back 17

gram -ve, curved rod/comma shaped; facultative anaerobe, no spores

more severe diarrhea, severe sepsis in immuno deficient individuals

Front 18

Campylobacterspp

Back 18

Gram –ve, motile spiral shaped bacteria

microaerophilic, non spore forming

food borne illness from contaminated chicken or unpasterized milk

gastroenteritis (24hrs-1wk), CIDP- chronic inflam demyelinating polyneuropathy

Front 19

Helicobacterpylori

Back 19

Gram –ve, helical shaped acidophilic bacteriathat colonizes in 50% of people

produces urease, LPS-inflam, exotocin VacA & enzymes to damage stomachs mucus lining

s/s: burning abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, changes in appetite, dark stool, indigestion

tx: eradicate bacteria/heal ulcer

Front 20

Bordatella pertussis

Back 20

Gram –ve, coccobacilli; obligate aerobes Facultative intracellular bacteria

whooping cough- lasting several weeks, whoop sound

transmission via direct contact, fomites, resp air droplets

tx: vaccines may prevent, child under 1 hospitalized

Front 21

Haemophilus influenza

Back 21

Gram –ve, pleomorphic shapes (mostlycoccobaccili); Facultative anaerobes

opportunistic- usually living in host w/o causing disease

transmission: resp droplets, direct contact, contaminated surfaces

2 serotypes

Front 22

Legionella spp

Back 22

Gram–ve, aerobic motile, facultative intracellular bacteria, pleomorphic (coccobacilli)

inhaled bacteria infect alveolar macrophages

LPS induces inflam response

airborne transmission via inhalation of aerosolized H2O or contaminated soil (a/c cooling towers- nosocomial spread)

legionellosis: fever, chills, dry cough, muscle aches etc.

Front 23

Treponema pallidum

Back 23

Gram-negative, thin spirochete

sexually transmitted infection (syphilis)- 4 stages

tx: antibiotics; no vaccine

causes: bejel, pinta, yaws

Front 24

Borrelia spp

Back 24

Long, thin spiral bacteria that move via endoflagella

faculative intracellular bacteria

lyme disease transmitted via tick bite (bullseye rash, arthralgia)

tx: antibiotics (prevent w. repellants)

relapsing fever from bites of infected lices/s: fever, chills, headache, aches, nausea 1 wktx: 1-2 wks of antibiotics

Front 25

Leptospira spp

Back 25

Long, thin spiral bacteria that move via endoflaggela

transmission via infected animals or H2O, food, soil w infected urine.

unconventional LPS

s/s: fever, chills, abd pain, jaudice, renal and heart failure etc.

tx: easily w. antibiotics, poor if untreated

Front 26

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Leprosy

Back 26

aerobic, acid-fast obligate intracellular bacteria

disease of resp tract, skin and peripheral nerves

two forms: milder and more severe

tx: multidrug therapy 12mo regimen

Front 27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Back 27

aerobic, non-motile, mostly intracellular rod shaped bacteria

very aerobic and resistant to antibiotics/disinfectants

mostly attacks lungs- TB (x'rays show consolidation of upper lobes)

airborne transmission

tx: vaccine, resistant to B-lactans therefore lots of antibiotics over long time

Front 28

Mycoplasmapneumoniae

Back 28

No well calls- resistant to B. lactans; irreg. shape

major cause of atypical/walking pneumonia

s/s: fever, chills, fatigue, myalgia, dry cough; non- resp problems

Front 29

Mycoplasmagenitalium & Ureaplasma urealyticum

Back 29

No well calls- resistant to B. lactans; irregular shape

part of normal vaginal flora

infection is common and possibly transmitted btwn sexual partners

s/s: urethritis, cervicitis, PID, increases infertility (both genders), preter birth

Front 30

Live attenuated Vaccines

Back 30

Live/viable microbe: rendered harmless/lessvirulent, often replication-deficient microbe and might be strains that do notcause disease. Ex: MMR, Influenza, BCG (TB), typhoid

+ve: highly immunogenic, -ve: may cause mildillness, change of reverting w. weakened IS

Front 31

Killed/ Inactivated Vaccines

Back 31

Non-living, non -viable whole microbe: cannotreplicate and do not elicit bacterial/viral gene expression. Ex: seasonalinjectable influenza – cholera (dukoral)

microbes cannot replicate and are less immunogenic

Front 32

Subunit Vaccines

Back 32

One or more antigens of a microbe

Ex: pneumococcus, meningococcus (guardasil-HPV), Hep B, Hib1

vaccine component doesnt replicate; less immunogenic than live attenuated or inactivated live.

Front 33

Toxoid Vaccines

Back 33

Contains modified or inactivated toxin of amicrobe in order to mount a response against the toxin. Ex: Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis)

vaccine doesn't replicate, less immunogenic but require boosters, adjuvents required

Front 34

Gram Negative

Back 34

Thin peptidoglycancell wall protected by outer membrane of endotoxin (LPS, LOS)

Stain Pink

Front 35

Gram positive

Back 35

Thick peptidoglycanlayer in cell wall

Stain Purple

Front 36

botulinumtoxin

Back 36

neurotoxin affesting NS resulting in flaccid paralysis (most toxic toxin to humans)

botox

Front 37

obligate anaerobes

Back 37

- Clostridium spp.

- Pripionibacterium spp.

- Actinomyces spp.

- Treponema spp.

Front 38

Extracellular

Back 38

- Clostridium spp.

- Pripionibacterium spp.

- Actinomyces spp.

Front 39

Obligate Aerobes

Back 39

Neisseria, Bordetella, Legionella, Mycobacterium

Front 40

Microaerophiles

Back 40

campylobacter, helicobacter, borelia, leptospira

Front 41

Facultative anaerobes

Back 41

- E.coli, Salmonellaspp., Shigellaspp., Yersinia spp., Vibrio spp. , Haemophilusinfluenzae, Mycoplasmaspp., Ureaplasma spp.

Front 42

Orthomyxovirus- influenza

Back 42

group V (-) ssRNA; spherical shaped, linear, segmented genome

Influenza A (most pathogenic), B, C

mucosal transmission (resp. droplets)

H1N1- swine flu

seasonal vaccine

Front 43

Resp Syncytial Virus (RSV)`

Back 43

Paramyoxyviruses

spherical, non-segmented linear genome; V - ssRNA. Replicates in cytoplasm

major cause of lower resp tract infections

transmission: direct contact, contaminated surfaces

pathogenesis: infects/kills airway epithelial cells causing potent immune response

Front 44

Parainfluenza Virus

Back 44

Paramyoxyviruses

spherical, non-segmented linear genome; V - ssRNA. Replicates in cytoplasm

primarily URTI in adults

Croup- inflammed larynx, trachea and bronchi

Front 45

Measles Virus

Back 45

Paramyoxyviruses

spherical, non-segmented linear genome; V - ssRNA. Replicates in cytoplasm

Rubeola: high fever lasting 1 wk, cough, pink eye.

Koplik spots: white spots in mouth

airborne transmission; highly contagious

vaccine preventable: MMR

Front 46

Mumps Virus

Back 46

Paramyoxyviruses

Spherical, non-segmented linear genome; V - ssRNA. Replicates in cytoplasm

s/s: fever, muscle pain, headache, malaise

meningitis, pancreatitis, permanent deafness

transmitted via resp droplets or direct contact w. infected person; highly contagious

Vaccine Preventable: MMR

Front 47

Rubella Virus

Back 47

Rubivirus

Spherical, enveloped, non-segmented, linear group IV (+) ssRNA. Replicates in cytoplasm

s/s: low fever, sore throat, cough and fatigue

triad for CRS: sensorineural deafness, eye abnormalities and congenital health disease

airborne transmission- cough/sneeze

MMR vaccine

Front 48

Coronavirus

Back 48

Spherical, linear, non-segmented group IV+ ssRNA

SARS- severe acute resp syndrome

MERS: mild to severe: fever, diarrhea, myalgia and dyspnea

general: URTI, GI infections

transmitted via resp. droplets and contaminated surfaces

supportive; no vaccine

Front 49

Adenovirus

Back 49

icosohedral shaped, non-enveloped, linear group 1- dsDNA virus *largest non-enveloped

causes: resp infections, conjuctivitis, viral gastroenteritis

transmitted primarily via resp droplets or oral-fecal route

Front 50

Rhinovirus

Back 50

Picornaviridae

Icosahedral shaped, linear non-enveloped group IV + ssRNA

common cold is blanket term: sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis etc.

transmission: resp droplets, contaminated surfaces, person-person contact

supportive

Front 51

Herpes Simplex Virus HSV-1 & HSV-2

Back 51

Herpes Virus

Group 1, dsDNA viruses; Linear but many form circles of DNA called episomes

Enveloped-Icosahedral capsid

s/s: common cold sore, genital herpes

infects epithelial cells

Front 52

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)- HHV-3

Back 52

Herpes Virus

Group 1, dsDNA viruses; Linear but many form circles of DNA called episomes

Enveloped-Icosahedral capsid

Chickenpox (children), Shingles (adult)

airborne transmission

live attenuated vaccine (higher dose for shingles)

Front 53

Epstein-Barr Virus EBV (HHV-4)

Back 53

Herpes Virus

Group 1, dsDNA viruses; Linear but many form circles of DNA called episomes

Enveloped-Icosahedral capsid

Mononucleosis (mono)

s/s: mild fever, severe sore throat, enlarged tonsil

oral transfer- saliva and genital secretions

supportive

Front 54

Cytomegalovirus HHV 6/7

Back 54

Herpes Virus

Group 1, dsDNA viruses; Linear but many form circles of DNA called episomes

Enveloped-Icosahedral capsid

congenital infection- vertically transmitted during pregnancy

transmission via various body fluids

Front 55

Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpescirus (KSHV, HHV-8)

Back 55

Herpes Virus

Group 1, dsDNA viruses; Linear but many form circles of DNA called episomes

Enveloped-Icosahedral capsid

soft tissue cancer- no s/s

Front 56

Variola Virus

Back 56

Poxviridae

Linear, group 1 dsDNA, enveloped, double membrane.

Smallpox: flu like symptoms, nausea, vomiting (eradicated in 1979)

transmission: contact, airborne, saliva.

Live virus vaccine, vaccinia virus

Front 57

Human Papillomavirus

Back 57

Poxviridae

large, round-shaped, linear group 1- dsDNA

primary target to undiffer. basal epithelial cells and keratinocytes

causes: warts, cancer, tree man

transmission: contact, sexual

Vaccines: gardasil, cerverix

Front 58

Hepatitis A

Back 58

Group IV + ssRNA, non-enveloped icosahedral structure

few or no symptoms; primarily acute disease, recurrent illness

transmission: oral--> fecal route

vaccine preventable (killed/inactivated vaccine)

Front 59

Hepatitis B

Back 59

Group VII dsRNA genome w RNA intermediate. enveloped, circular genome

most common viral hepatitis worldwide

acute (primary) and chronic viral hepatitis

tx: acute- self limiting. chronic requires treatment

vaccine preventable disease- subunit vaccine

Front 60

Hepatitis C

Back 60

Group IV + ssRNA, enveloped virus, flavivirus family

Most common viral cause of hepatitis in N. America

most are asymptomatic. 80% into chronic infection

Transmission: exposed to infected bodily fluidsTx: interferon/ribavirin to inhibit RNA replication or liver transplant

Front 61

Hepatitis D

Back 61

Group V - ssRNA enveloped satelite virus (requires antheor virus for its down replication) w. cellular genome

only infects cells that are infected w HBV disease

Front 62

Hepatitis E

Back 62

Group IV + ssRNA, non-enveloped, icasohedral structure

acute infection- mild self revolving acute liver failure rare

transmission- fecal--> oral (contam. water, meat)

supportive

Front 63

Rotavirus

Back 63

Enteric virus

Group III, dsRNA - sense RNA , non-enveloped

viral gastroenteritis- stomach flu (4-8 days); MC cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children

replicates and produces a toxin; induces Cl- secretion, inhibit reaborp of water

transmission: oral--> fecal

vaccine- oral, live attenuated

Front 64

Norovirus

Back 64

Enteric virus

Group IV + ssRNA, non-enveloped icosahedral shaped

MC viral gastroenteritis in humans

Oral--> fecal (highly contagious), person to person.

self-limiting, severe, rare illness

Front 65

Parvovirus

Back 65

Enteric virus

Group II, ssDNA, small, non-enveloped icosahedral shape.

B19 Infection- Fifth disease

s/s: low grade fever, rash on face/ flu like disease

airborne transmission

supportive

Front 66

Poliovirus

Back 66

enterovirus, picornavirus family

group IV + ssRNA, non-enveloped virus

Polio

oral--> fecal transmission

Jonas- Salk inactivated vaccine- IPV & Albert Sabin's oral vaccine- live attenuated

Front 67

Coxsakieviruses

Back 67

Enterovirus

Group IV + ssRNA, non-enveloped virus, acid table

Hand, foot and mouth disease

s/s: fever, malaise, rash, ulcers on H, F, M.

infections of heart, pleura, pancreas and liver

Front 68

Enterovirus D68

Back 68

Enterovirus

Group IV + ssRNA non-enveloped viruses, acid liable

more common in children

s/s: similar to cold. (severe: wheezing, polio-like disease- weakness, paralysis)

Transmission: respiratory, oral-fecal

supportive

Front 69

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Back 69

Retrovirus

Group IV, ssRNA, replicate via reverse transcription

s/s: flu-like illness (chronic decrease immune s)

transmission: sexual, mother to child, blood

transfusion, needle sharing

No vaccine

Front 70

Yellow Fever Virus

Back 70

Arboviruses

Group IV, + ssRNA virus, enveloped, sperical virus w. linear genomes

endemic to Africa/South Africa

s/s: fever, chills, anorexia, nausea, muscle pains and headaches

15% enter second toxic phase

recurring fever, jaudice, cytokine storm

transmission: mosquito

vaccine: attenuated live for travelers

Front 71

West Nile Virus

Back 71

Arbovirus

Group IV, + ssRNA virus, enveloped, sperical virus w. linear genomes

s/s: fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, acute flaccid paralysis, asymmetrical limb weakness/paralysis in absence of sensory loss

transmission: mosquito

no vaccine, supportive treatment

Front 72

Dengue Fever

Back 72

Arbovirus

Group IV, + ssRNA virus, enveloped, sperical virus w. linear genomes

Endemic to Africa, S. Africa, SE Asia

s/s: fever, rash, and muscle pain

progresses to multi-organ hemorrhage and failure

antibody- mediated enhancement

transmitted: mosquito

no vaccine, supportive treatment

Front 73

Hantaviruses

Back 73

Robovirus

Group V - ssRNA, enveloped, 3 ciruclar segments

often fatal pulmonary disease

s/s: fever, cough, myalgia, headache, sudden onset of shortness of breath w. evolving pulm edema- 30-50% death

w. renal syndrome- 1-15% death

transmitted via mice, airborne, ingestion, bites

Front 74

Arenoviruses

Back 74

Robovirus

Group V, - ssRNA, enveloped spherical-shaped viruses.

transmitted from the common mouse, hamster via inhalation or mucosal exposure

s/s: high fever, anorexia, headaches, muscle aches, vomiting

Lassa Virus- endemic to W. Africa

Front 75

Ebola

Back 75

Filovirus

Group V - ssRNA, enveloped Filamentous shape

case fatality 50% of the time.

s/s: sudden high fever, intense myalgia, malaise, nausea, sore throat, liver & kidney dysfunction, hypvolemic shock, multi-organ failure

transmission: bodily fluids, direct contact

No vaccine

Front 76

Marburg Virus

Back 76

Filovirus

Group V - ssRNA, enveloped filamentous (helical) shape

similar to ebola virus- hemorrhagic fever 10 days after onset, fatality 30-90%

transmitted via body fluids, contact, potentially airborne

no vaccine

Front 77

Roseoloviruses (HHV 6/7)

Back 77

Roseolo; children under 2 years

s/s: high fever (fibrile seizures)