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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1 um

is equal to how many meters?
10^-6 m
light microscopy

define
the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
compound light microscope

components
has a series of lenses

uses visible light as its source of illumination
illuminator

definition
light source
condenser

definition
lenses that direct the light rays through the specimen
objective lenses

definition
the lenses closest to the specimen
ocular lens

definition
eyepiece
total magnification

how to calculate
multiply

objective lens by ocular lens
resolution

definition
the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure
refractive index

definition
a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium
darkfield microscopy

what is it used for?
examining live microorganisms that either are...

invisible in the ordinary light microscope

cannot be stained by other methods,

are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified
phase-contrast microscopy

what is it used for?
detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms
differential interference contrast microscopy
(DIC)

how does it work?
uses differences in refractive indexes

uses two beam of light instead of one
fluorescence microscopy

what is it used for?
for fluorescent-antibody techniques to rapidly detect and identify microbes in tissues or clinical specimens
brightfield microscopy

what is it used for?
to observe various stained specimens and to count microbes

does not resolve very small specimens, such as viruses
differential interference contrast microscopy

what is it used for?
to provide 3D images
confocal microscopy

what is it used for?
to obtain 2D and 3D images of cells for biomedical applications
confocal microscopy

how does it work?
uses laser light to illuminate one plane of a specimen at a time
scanning acoustic microscopy

what is it used for?
to examine living cells attached to another surface

such as cancer cells, artery plaque, and biofilms
scanning acoustic microscopy

how does it work?
uses a soundwave of specific frequency that travels through the specimen with a portion being reflected when it hits an interface within the material
electron transmission microscopy

what is it used for?
to examine viruses or the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells
electron transmission microscopy

magnification
10,000 - 100,000x
electron transmission microscopy

how does it work?
uses a beam of electrons instead of light

electrons pass through the specimen
electron scanning microscopy

what is it used for?
to study the surface features of cells and viruses
electron scanning microscopy

magnification
1,000-10,000x
electron scanning microscopy

how is it used?
uses a beam of electrons instead of light

electrons are reflected from the specimen
scanned-probe scanning tunneling microscopy

what is it used for?
provides very detailed views of molecules inside cells
scanned-probe scanning tunneling microscopy

how does it work?
uses a thin metal probe that scans a specimen and produces an image revealing the bumps and depressions of the atoms on the surface of the specimen
gram stain process
1. heat-fixed smear is covered with a basic purple dye (primary stain)

2. purple dye is washed off and the smear is covered with iodine, a mordant. iodine is washed off.

3. the slide is washed with alcohol or an alcohol-acetone solution (decolorizing agent)

4. the alcohol is rinsed off, and the slide is then stained with safranin, a basic red dye. the smear is washed again, blotted dry, and examined microscopically
primary stain

what does it do?
imparts its color to all cells
decolorizing agent

what does it do?
removes the primary stain from the cells of some species but not from others
gram positive

what color are they?
violet
gram negative

what color are they?
pink/red
gram positive bacteria

characteristic
thicker peptidoglycan cell wall
acid-fast stain

is used to identify what bacteria?
genus Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium

two examples
Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
acid-fast stain

procedure
1. the red dye carbolfuchsin is applied to a fixed smear, and the slide is gently heated. then cooled and washed with water.

2. smear is treated with acid-alcohol (a decolorizer) which removes the red stain from bacteria that are not acid-fast. the acid-fast microorganisms RETAIN the red color.

3. smear is stained with a methylene blue counterstain. non-acid-fast cells appear blue.
negative staining

is used for what?
to demonstrate the presence of a capsule
simple stain

is used for what?
to highlight microorganisms to determine cellular shapes and arrangements
what are the two differential stains?
gram and acid-fast
what are the three special stains?
negative

endospore

flagella
gram stain

is used for what?
to distinguish among different kinds of bacteria

classifies bacteria into gram positive and gram negative
acid-fast stain

is used for what?
to distinguish Mycobacterium species and some species of Nocardia

Acid-fast bacterium remain red
special stains

are used for what?
to color and isolate various structures, such as capsules, endospors, and flagella
negative stains

are used for what?
to demonstrate the presence of capsules
endospore stains

are used for what?
to detect the presence of endospores in bacteria