Microbiology Lecture/lab: Practical Study

Front 1

MSA agar
-selective ingredient?
-differential ingredient?

Back 1

-7.5% salt
-mannitol

Front 2

Mannitol Salt Agar: Differential/Selective?
Organisms that grow:

Back 2

both
halophiles

Front 3

MacConkey Agar:
Differential/ Selective?
Organisms tha grow:

Back 3

both
Gram negative

Front 4

Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar:
Differential/Selective?
Organisms that grow:

Back 4

both
Gram negative (best)
Gram positive (poorly)

Front 5

Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar:
Differential/ Selective?
Organisms that grow:

Back 5

Selective
Gram positive (best)
Gram negative (poorly)

Front 6

Blood Agar:
Differential/Selective?
Organisms that grow:

Back 6

Differential
Most Bacteria, esp. Streptococci

Front 7

MacConkey Agar:
Selective ingredient?
Differential ingredient?

Back 7

crystal violet
lactose

Front 8

Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar:
Selective Ingredient?
Differential ingredient?

Back 8

eosin and methylene blue
lactose

Front 9

PEA Agar:
Selective ingredient?
Differential ingredient?

Back 9

Phenylethyl Alcohol
n/a

Front 10

Blood Agar:
Selective ingredient?
differential ingredient?

Back 10

none
red blood cells

Front 11

Tube 1 is:

Back 11

obligated aerobes

Front 12

tube 2 is:

Back 12

obligated anaerobe

Front 13

tube 3 is:

Back 13

facultative anaerobe

Front 14

tube 4 is:

Back 14

microaerophile

Front 15

tube 5 is:

Back 15

aerotolarant anaerobe

Front 16

What is it?
asexual/sexual?

Back 16

yeast
asexual

Front 17

What is it?
Asexual/Sexual?

Back 17

basidiospore
sexual

Front 18

what is it?
asexual/sexual?
Transmission?

Back 18

canidiospores
asexual
inhalation of conidia

Front 19

what is it?
asexual/sexual?
Transmission?

Back 19

mold
asexual
inhalation of sporangiospores

Front 20

What is it?
asexual/sexual?
transmission?

Back 20

mold- zygospore
sexual
inhalation of sporangiospores

Front 21

What is it?
asexual/sexual?
transmission?

Back 21

mold
asexual
inhalation of canidia

Front 22

Plasmodiam Vivax: Malaria: the first stage is called?

Back 22

merozoite

Front 23

Plasmodiam Vivax: This stage is called?

Back 23

signet ring

Front 24

Plasmodiam Vivax: This stage is called?

Back 24

trophozoite

Front 25

Plasmodiam Vivax: this stage is called?

Back 25

early schizont

Front 26

Plasmodiam Vivax: this stage is called?

Back 26

late schizont

Front 27

Toxoplasma Gondii:
What stage?
transmission by?

Back 27

trophozoite
contaminated water, food & milk

Front 28

Tapeworms are _____heltminthes.
The 4 body parts are:

Back 28

platyhelminthes
rostelum w/ hooks, suckers, neck and proglottids

Front 29

this is a _____helminthe.
It is called:

Back 29

platyhelminthes
liver fluke

Front 30

this is a _____helminthe.
it is called a:
gender:

Back 30

platyhelminthe
blood fluke
male

Front 31

this is a _____helminthe.
it is called a:
gender:

Back 31

nemahelminthe
pinworm
male

Front 32

this is a _____helminthe
it is called a:
gender:

Back 32

nemahelminthe
pinworm
female

Front 33

this is a ______helminthe.
it is called a:
gender:

Back 33

nemathlminthe
hookworm
female

Front 34

this is a _______helminth.
it is called a:
gender:

Back 34

nemathelminth
hookworm
male

Front 35

test name?
breakdown of _____ to ______.
reagent:
positive color:

Back 35

indole test
tryptophane to indole
kovac's reagent
red

Front 36

test name?
breakdown of _____ to ______
reagent:
positive color:

Back 36

simmons citrate agar
citrate to sodium bicarbonate
brom-thymol
blue

Front 37

IMViC
test name?
breakdown of ____ to produce _____
reagent:
positive color:

Back 37

Methyl Red Test
glucose to acid
Mehyl Red
red

Front 38

IMViC
test name?
breakdown of _____ to produce _______
reagent:
positive color:

Back 38

Voges-Proskauer Test
glucose to produce non-acidi/alkaline/neutral end product
barritt's reagent-B (potassium hydroxide) & barritt's reagent-A (alpha-napthol)
burgundy/mahogany red

Front 39

test name?
3 media tubes are:
red color indicates:
yellow color indicates:

Back 39

carbohydate fermentation test
phenol red (lactose/glucose/sucrose) broth
alkaline
acid

Front 40

test name?
media name and content?

Back 40

triple sugar iron test
glucose, sucrose, lactose, amino acid (cysteine and cystene) or sodium-thiosulfate

Front 41

Triple sugar iron test is a medium used for the identification of gram ______ ____ _______. Acid production only at butt of tube indicate ______ ______.

Back 41

negative enteric rods
glucose utilization

Front 42

triple sugar iron test:
all yellow - ______
all red - ______
black percipitate- _____
red slant only - ____

Back 42

all sugars fermentation
peptone breakdown
H2S production
Peptone aerobically

Front 43

Nitrate Reduction test:
turned red after adding solution A and B indicate ______ nitrate reduction and presence of _____ as end product.

Back 43

positive
nitrite

Front 44

Nitrate Reduction test:
turned red after the addition of zinc powder indicates ______ nitrate reduction.

Back 44

negative

Front 45

Nitrate Reduction test:
remain clear after addition of all three agents indicates ______ nitrate reduction but ______ and _____ ______ as it's end products.

Back 45

positive
ammonia; molecular nitrogen

Front 46

Most fungi live off of decaying organic material and are termed:

Back 46

saprophytes

Front 47

For yeast fragile branching filaments are called:

Back 47

pseudohyphae

Front 48

Dealing with respiration, yeast are ______ ________.

Back 48

facultative anaerobes

Front 49

Yeast Candida: Asexual spores are called:

Back 49

blastospores

Front 50

candida: thick-walled survival spores are called:

Back 50

chlamydospores

Front 51

molds are ____nucleated

Back 51

multi

Front 52

mold: portion that produces asexual reproductive spores is termed:

Back 52

aerial mycelium

Front 53

conidiospores of penicillium are produced in chains on finger-like projections called:

Back 53

sterigmata

Front 54

aspergillus are produced in chains on the surface of a ball-like structure called a :

Back 54

vesicle

Front 55

the ______ are a group of molds that cause superficial mycoses.

Back 55

dermatophytes

Front 56

protozoans are a _____karyotic, mostly _____celled and ___robic and made up of two major parts ______ and _____.

Back 56

eurkaryotic
single
aerobic
nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 57

sarcodina, mastigophora, ciliophora and sporozoa are categories (phylum) for :

Back 57

protozoans

Front 58

protozoa: locomotion:
sarcodina- _______
mastigophora - _______
ciliophora - _______
sporozoa - _______

Back 58

pseudopodia
flagella
cilia
none

Front 59

sporozoans are _______ intracellular parasites.

Back 59

obligated

Front 60

______ sporozoa - toxoplasma gondii
______ sporozoa - plasmodium vivax

Back 60

intestinal
blood

Front 61

reagent used to view protozoans;

Back 61

methyl cellulose

Front 62

fission, budding and parthenogenesis are ________ reproduction of helminthes.

Back 62

asexual

Front 63

tapeworms have no _____ tract.

Back 63

digestive

Front 64

tapeworms invade the ______ wall and migrate to the ______ muscles.

Back 64

intestinal
striated

Front 65

roundworms have well developed ____ and _____ systems

Back 65

digestive
reproductive

Front 66

a process in which female gamete or gametangium is developed without the involvement of male gamete or gamtangium is called:

Back 66

parthenogenesis

Front 67

antibiotics that kill OTHER organisms is called _____ and inhibits growth of OTHER organisms _______.

Back 67

microbicidal
microbistatic

Front 68

antimicrobial agents that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis results in :

Back 68

osmotic lysis

Front 69

vancomycin produced by bacterium ______ is effective against gram _____ bacteria.

Back 69

streptomyces
positive

Front 70

antimicrobial aminoglycosides inhibit ______ synthesis.

Back 70

protein

Front 71

antimicrobial sulfanomides and trimethoprim inhibit _____ synthesis.

Back 71

DNA

Front 72

disk diffusion technique test uses _____ agar and reagent _____ ______

Back 72

muller-hinton
ethyl alcohol

Front 73

antimicrobial, disinfectants, sporicides, sanitizers and sterilants are all:

Back 73

chemical germicides

Front 74

Three general categories of chemical germicides are:
_____ eliminate all microbial life.
______ are applied to the living tissue.
________ kill or inhibit microbes on inanimate objects.

Back 74

sterilants, antiseptics and disinfectants .

Front 75

transformation, conjugation, transduction are all methods that result in the transfer of DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium. The donor DNA is subsequently _______ by _______.

Back 75

integrated
recombination

Front 76

a microorganism which lacks the ability to syntheisze one or more essential growth factors is called:

Back 76

an auxotroph

Front 77

a microorganism that requires the same nutrients as the majority of naturally occurring members of it's species is called:

Back 77

a prototroph

Front 78

enterobacteriaceae are gram______ bacteria that grow in the ______ _____ of humans and other animals.

Back 78

negative
intestinal tract

Front 79

The indole test uses _____ agar deep tube, which is a mult-test of 3 items:

Back 79

SIM
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas
indole production
motility

Front 80

MR-VP media contains _____ and _____.
all enteric bacteria ____ glucose for energy

Back 80

glucose
peptone
oxidize

Front 81

citrate test determines bacteria that have two enzymes:

Back 81

citrate permease
citrase

Front 82

In the VP test, a light pink color appears and intensifies when the reagents react with _______.

Back 82

acetoin

Front 83

_____ traits such as colony shape, size and color are also utilized to make a tentative identification of bacterial species.

Back 83

macroscopic

Front 84

anaerobic process: in fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an ______ molecule.

Back 84

organic

Front 85

gelatin is an incomplete protein, it lacks ______ and is produced by the hydrolysis of ______.

Back 85

tryptophane
collagen

Front 86

amylase breaks the _____ bonds in polysaccharides.

Back 86

glycosidic

Front 87

amylase breaks down starch into _____ and ____.
gelatinase breaks down gelatin into ______ then into ____.
casease breaks down large casein molecules into ____.

Back 87

small oligosaccharides; free glucose
polypeptides; smaller amino acids
smaller polypeptides

Front 88

agglutination with erythrocytes is termed:

Back 88

hemagglutination

Front 89

the nitrate medium contains 0.1% ______ ______ as the substrate.

Back 89

potassium nitrate

Front 90

the normal flora excrete vitamins ___ and ___.

Back 90

k
b12

Front 91

normal flora stimulate the development of certain tissues like ______, _____ and _____.

Back 91

cecum
lymphatic
peyer's patch

Front 92

normal flora stimulate the production of cross-_____ antibodies.

Back 92

reactive

Front 93

sebaceous glands secrete _____ acids and ____ acids.

Back 93

lactic
fatty

Front 94

normal flora test:
blood agar for _____ococci and mannitol agar for ____ococci.

Back 94

streptococci
staphylococci

Front 95

3 factors that influence enzymatic activity are:

Back 95

temperature
pH
substrate concentration

Front 96

the sum of all chemical reactions in the organism or its energy balancing act is:

Back 96

metabolism

Front 97

______ reactions are considered to be reactions- water is used when bonds are broken

Back 97

Catabolic

Front 98

____ reactions involve dehydration synthesis- water is released when bonds are made.

Back 98

Anabolic

Front 99

Catabolic reactions are ____ - they release energy (break bonds= energy production)

Back 99

exergonic

Front 100

Anabolic reactions are _____- they have to consume energy to make bonds

Back 100

endergonic

Front 101

_______ is the loss of electron(s) from a molecule or atom

Back 101

Oxidation

Front 102

_______ is the acceptance of electron(s)

Back 102

Reduction

Front 103

alternatives to glycolysis are:

Back 103

Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka hexose monophosphate shunt
Entner- Doudoroff Pathway

Front 104

2 molecules NADPH and 1 molecule of ATP per glucose
oxidizes glucose
Generally not seen in gram positive bacteria
Useful in identifying Pseudomonas

is the:

Back 104

Entner- Doudoroff Pathway

Front 105

Breakdown glucose and pentose (five-carbon sugars)
It produces intermediate pentoses used in the synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from carbon dioxide and photosynthesis, and certain amino acids
Produces NADPH from NADP+ (reduction reaction)
1 molecule of ATP per glucose

is the:

Back 105

Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka hexose monophosphate shunt

Front 106

______ and ______ are two types of microorganisms that are prokaryotes.

Back 106

bacteria
archea

Front 107

Methanogens

Extreme halophiles

Extreme thermophiles

are main groups of :

Back 107

archaea

Front 108

Unicellular or multicellular organisms
Cell walls of chitin
are characteristics of:

Back 108

fungi

Front 109

______- cold-loving
________- moderate- temperature loving
_______- heat- loving

Back 109

Psychrophile
Mesophiles
Thermophiles

Front 110

Buffers such as phosphate ____, _____and ____ ___ neutralize the acid produced by bacteria

Back 110

salts
peptones
amino acids

Front 111

aerotolarant anaerobes use ______ ____ to partially neutralize oxygen.

Back 111

superoxide dismutase

Front 112

______ and _______ anaerobes use catalase and superoxide dismutase to neutralize toxic forms of oxygen.

Back 112

obligated aerobes
facultative anaerobes

Front 113

for ________ low oxygen concentration is allowed for growth only

Back 113

microaerohiles

Front 114

in eukaryotes transcription occurs in the ________ and _______ undergoes processing prior to leaving there.

Back 114

nucleus
RNA

Front 115

_______ remove the introns and splice the exons intact.

Back 115

small nuclear ribonucloprteins (snRNPs)

Front 116

introns can remove themselves by acting as ______.

Back 116

ribozymes

Front 117

mature ________ moves into cytoplasm prior to translation.

Back 117

mRNA

Front 118

2 control mechanisms that regulate how mRNA and ultimately proteins will be made are:

Back 118

Repression and Induction

Front 119

________- decrease the rate of enzyme synthesis, so those enzymes cannot play a role in the reactions that make the proteins

Back 119

Repression

Front 120

______ -Turn on genes or transcription of genes via inducers

Back 120

induction

Front 121

Enzymes that are made in the presence of inducers are ______ enzymes

Back 121

inducible

Front 122

The level of glucose can alter the lactose ______ , by controlling the levels of ____ _____… it comes from ATP

Back 122

operon
cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Front 123

Without glucose, cAMP accumulates, binds to the ______ site of catabolic activator protein (CAP). cAMP is the alarm or alarmone.
CAP then binds to the lac ________ and makes it easy for RNA ______ to bind to it.

Back 123

allosteric
promoter
polymerase

Front 124

In positive regulation: C_____ activates C______

Back 124

cAMP
CAP

Front 125

____ mutations are silent or neutral; a change in DNA does not change the product

Back 125

Simple

Front 126

_______ or ______ mutations-single base at one point in the DNA sequence, so you essentially have a new base pair.

Back 126

Base substitutions or point

Front 127

If a different amino acid is made as a result, this is a _____ mutations

Back 127

missense

Front 128

_____ mutations one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted into the DNA. Everything gets shifted in the “traditional reading frame”

Back 128

Frameshift

Front 129

______ mutations- frameshift or substitutions than occur in the absence of mutagens

Back 129

Spontaneous

Front 130

_____- agents that can physically or chemically react with DNA, causing potential harm

Back 130

Mutagens

Front 131

_______- light- repair enzymes, uses the energy from visible light to separate the dimers

Back 131

Photolyases

Front 132

____ _____ repair- able to repair any mutations, not limited to UV. Enzymes remove and repair the synthesized complementary strand

Back 132

Nucleotide excision

Front 133

______- add a methyl group to selected bases after DNA is replicated, the repair endonucleases remove the non-tagged strand.

Back 133

Methylase

Front 134

______- small segments of DNA (700- 40,000 base pairs) that move from one region of DNA to another.They can be carried via ____ and ____, and be spread between organisms and species

Back 134

Transposons
viruses or plasmids

Front 135

Characteristics of Fungi: ______- cells involved catabolism and growth

Back 135

Vegetative

Front 136

Plankton
Free- floating
Cellulose in the plasma membrane
Can produce neurotoxins (saxitoxins)
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Red tide
ciguatera

are:

Back 136

Dinoflagellates

Front 137

Capsid shapes are determined by the ____ _____ and their mass
Capsid subunits= ______ and are made of proteins which can be uniform or varied.
Capsids can have envelopes of ____, ____, _____
Envelopes can be made of the virus’ own ____and part of the host’s ____ _____

Back 137

nucleic acids
capsomeres
lipids, proteins, and carbs
proteins ; plasma membrane

Front 138

______ ______
Alternative to using embryos
Treat a slice of animal tissue with enzymes to break it down to individual cells
Suspend the cells in solution to provide osmotic pressure, nutrients, and growth factors
Look for cytopathic effect (CPE)

Back 138

cell cultures

Front 139

______ cell line also come from tissues, but die quickly
_____ cell lines come from human embryos, last 100 generations, used in human hosts and to make human vaccines
_____ cell lines- transformed cells that can last indefinitely (immortal)

Back 139

Primary
Diploid
Continuous

Front 140

Re-infect the host
Phage conversion- host cell exhibits new properties
Specialized transduction

are results of:

Back 140

lysogeny

Front 141

Pathology- scientific study of disease
______- the cause of disease
_______- manner in which disease develops
Structural and functional changes brought about by disease and the final effects on the body
Infection- invasion or colonization
Disease- the resulting change in the state of health

Back 141

Etiology
Pathogenesis

Front 142

Incidence- # of people who develop the disease at a particular time
Prevalence- old and new cases of how many # acquire disease
Sporadic- happens occasionally
______- constant
Epidemic- many people acquire a disease in a short space of time
______- worldwide epidemic

Back 142

Endemic
Pandemic

Front 143

______ is the science of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in the populations

Back 143

epidemiology

Front 144

The adhesins are typically ______ or _______, whereas the receptors are typically sugars

Back 144

glycoproteins or lipoproteins

Front 145

_____toxins are fever and shock producing

Back 145

endotoxins

Front 146

________- produces heat- resistance and acid- resistance
Found in the cell’s surface or fimbriae; resists phagocytosis by the white blood cells
In addition to the fimbriae and M protein, some bacteria make Opa, an outer membrane protein
Also, mycolic acid (remember acid- fast) can resist phagocytosis and aid in multiplication in the phagocytes

Back 146

M protein

Front 147

______- clots the fibrinogen in blood. Fibrinogen is made in the liver and then made into fibrin, which makes threads in the blood

Back 147

Coagulase

Front 148

_______- break down fibrin, digesting the clot
_______- hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, may blacken infected wounds, can help spread microbes… and drugs?
_______- breaks down collagen
______- destroys antibodies of the IgA type

Back 148

Kinases
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase
IgA protease

Front 149

______ Variation- The ability to change the antigens on the pathogen’s own surface
______- component of the host’s cytoskeleton that microbes can use to penetrate the host and spread between hosts
_______- proteins that can rearrange actin by “ruffling” the host’s membrane
Once in the host, microbes propel themselves by condensing the actin, then use ________ to bridge junctions from cell to cell

Back 149

Antigenic
Actin
Invasins
Cadherin

Front 150

Wuchereria bancrofti can cause ______

Back 150

elephantitis

Front 151

Dinoflagellates, like Alexandrium, make the neurotoxin, ______

Back 151

saxitoxin