Microbiology Lecture Test 1 Up To Notes Page 8

Front 1

What is the germ theory of disease? What was a competing theory?

Back 1

Theory that microorganisms cause disease as apposed to the theory of spontaneous generous.

Front 2

Who is credited with the compound microscope?

Back 2

Robert Hooke

Front 3

Famous lens maker who coined the phrase 'animalcules'.

Back 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 4

Who is credited for our current naming system and what is that system called?

Back 4

Carl Linnaeus.
Binomial Nomenclature

Front 5

Franceso Redi

Back 5

Gauze and cork experiment

Front 6

Florence Nightingale

Back 6

Promoted cleanliness as a way to prevent disease during Crimean War.

Front 7

Semmelweis

Back 7

sanitary practice (hand washing)

Front 8

Louis Pasteur

Back 8

Swan necked flasks, wine pasteurization, rabies vaccine

Front 9

Koch's Postulates

Back 9

1.agent must be present in every disease.
2. agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. agent must cause disease in inoculated host
4. same agent must be reisolated from diseased host.

Front 10

What is the implication of Koch's postulate.

Back 10

1 organism causes 1 disease

Front 11

Reproduction in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Back 11

Prokaryotes: usually asexual through binary fission or by budding
Eukaryotes: sexually through meiosis

Front 12

How does budding differ from binary fission?

Back 12

In binary fission, the parent cell disappears with the formation of two equal-sized offspring; in contrast, a bud is often much smaller that its parent, and the parent pre mains to produce more buds.

Front 13

What are the 7 morphologies of prokaryotes?

Back 13

1. coccus (round)
2. Coccobacillus (oval)
3. Bacillus (rod)
4. Vibrio (bent rod)
5. Spirillum (stiff corkscrew)
6. Spirochete (flexible corkscrew)
7. Pleomorphic (variable shape)

Front 14

What are the 5 arrangements of cocci?

Back 14

1. diplococci (2 cocci)
2. streptococci (chain)
3. tetrad (4)
4. sarcinae (cube)
5. staphylococci (grape-like cluster)

Front 15

What are the 4 arrangements of bacilli?

Back 15

1. single
2. diplobacilli (2)
3. Streptobacilli (chain)
4. palisade (side by side)
5. v-shape

Front 16

What is a glycocalyx? What is it's purpose?

Back 16

A sticky gelatinous substance made of polysaccharides that surround the outside of the cell. It prevent desiccation, prevents the cell from being devoured, and helps attach cell to surroundings.

Front 17

What is a capsule? Give an example of a microorganism that has one.

Back 17

A secreted glycocalyx that acts a protective layer.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 18

What is a slime layer? Example of microorganism that has one.

Back 18

A thiner glycocalyx that protects agains desiccation and temperature.
1. Streptococcus mutans (found in oral cavity-dental plaque)

Front 19

What is an endospore? Give a microorganism example.

Back 19

Highly resistance resting stage. 1. Bacillus subtilis
2. Clostridium botulinum

Front 20

What is the spore coat made of?

Back 20

dipicolinic acid and Ca++

Front 21

Parts of flagella?

Back 21

filament, hook, basal body

Front 22

one flagella

Back 22

monotrichous (polar)

Front 23

flagella at each end

Back 23

amphitrichous

Front 24

group of flagella at one end

Back 24

lophotrichous (tuft)

Front 25

flagella spread out around organism

Back 25

peritrichous

Front 26

no flagella

Back 26

atrichous (cocci usually have no flagella)

Front 27

Rotation of flagella for a 'run'

Back 27

counterclockwise

Front 28

Rotation of flagella for a 'tumble'

Back 28

clockwise

Front 29

movement towards chemical/light

Back 29

chemotaxis/phototaxis

Front 30

Number of protein rings and lipid bilayers in G+ versus G-

Back 30

G+ have 1 protein ring and 1 lipid bilayer.
G- have 2 protein rings and 2 lipid bilayers

Front 31

What is an axial filament and give a microorganism example.

Back 31

Internal flagella found in spirochetes.
1. Treponema pallidium (syphilis)

Front 32

1. tiny hollow projection
2. short sticky projections
3. grappling hook

Back 32

1. Pili (sex pilis)
2. fimbria
3. hamus

Front 33

What are the layers of the cell wall of G+ and G-

Back 33

G+:
1. peptidoglycan
2. periplasm
3. lipid bilayer

G-:
1. Lipid bilayer
2. periplasm
3. peptidoglycan
4. periplasm
5. lipid bilayer

Front 34

Layer of acid fast organism. Give example of organism that has this.

Back 34

1. mycolic acid
2. peptidoglycan layer
3. periplasm
4. lipid bilayer

1. Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Front 35

Antibiotic resistant bacteria that lacks cell wall.

Back 35

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

Front 36

What is a bacterial pili?

Back 36

Tiny hollow projection used to transfer DNA from one cell to another.

Front 37

Describe the various ways substances are moved across the membrane.

Back 37

1. diffusion: no energy required, molecule moves with concentration gradient
2. facilitated diffusion: no energy requires, molecule moves with concentration gradient but through channels or pores.
3. active transport: requires energy, against gradient, (uniport, antiport, symport)
4. Osmosis: diffusion of water

Front 38

1. cell regular size in solution
2. cell shrunk in solution
3. cell enlarged or lysed in solution

Back 38

1. isotonic
2. hypertonic
3. hypotonic

Front 39

Phase contrast microscope

Back 39

- based on principle that cells differ in refractive index from their surroundings

-phase ring in objective lens amplifies this contrast

- no stains

Front 40

dark field microscope

Back 40

Bright specimen agains dark background.

Front 41

fluorescent microscope

Back 41

fluorescent structures agains dark background. UV light fluoresce chemical or dyes

Front 42

Differential interference contrast (Normarski)

Back 42

Image appears three-dimensional.

Front 43

Confocal

Back 43

single plane stained with fluorescent dye

Front 44

Two types of electron microscopes.

Back 44

1. transmission: 2D of ultrastructure
2. scanning: 3D of surface

Front 45

2 types of probe microscopes

Back 45

1. sanning tunneling: atomic level
2. atomic force: atomic level

Front 46

What are special stains used for? Give organism examples

Back 46

1. Negative stain for capsule (Klebsiella pneumoniae)
2. Flagellar stain for flagella (Proteus Vulgaris)

Front 47

What are the three differential stains we used?

Back 47

1. Acid fast (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)
2. Gram stain (G+ Bacillus cereus and G- Escherichia coli)
3. endospore stain (Clostridium botulinum)

Front 48

Describe typical microbial growth curve.

Back 48

1. Lag phase
2. Log (exponential phase)
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death (decline) phase

Front 49

Define generation time

Back 49

time for population to double

Front 50

How long does Escherichia coli take to double.

Back 50

about 20 minutes

Front 51

Define synchronous growth

Back 51

Doubling at exact intervals

Front 52

Define non-synchronous growth

Back 52

doubling at irregular intervals (nature)

Front 53

How many cells are need before they are visible to naked eye.

Back 53

10^8

Front 54

How can we directly measure bacterial growth?

Back 54

1. Serial Dilutions (# CFU)
2. Most Probable Number
3. Filtration Plate Count (CFU)
4. Microscope Counts (Hemocytometer)
5. Flow Cytometry

Front 55

Describe serial dilutions to estimate microbial growth.

Back 55

The number of colonies is multiplied by 10 because .1 ml was added and then multiplied by the reciprocal of the dilution. For example:
65*10*1000=650,000 bacterial/ml

Front 56

Describe Membrane Filtration to estimate microbial growth.

Back 56

Bacteria is trapped by filter and then the filter is transferred to media to be incubated. The CFU are counted and divided by volume of media.
colonies/L

Front 57

Describe the most probably number method for estimating microbial growth.

Back 57

5 tubes are used for each of the three dilution. After incubation the results are compared to a MPN table.

Front 58

Describe the Microscopic Count method for estimating microbial growth.

Back 58

Bacteria suspended in solution placed next to cover slip slide under through capillary action. The slide is marked with grids and is looked at under the microscope. The bacteria are counted. Calculations are made to estimate cm^3 which is ml.

Front 59

What are the indirect methods for estimating bacterial numbers.

Back 59

1. pH test
2. dry weight
3. turbidity

Front 60

What is the pH range for acidophiles. Give an example of an organism.

Back 60

<5.4
1. Thiobacillus ferrooxidons

Front 61

What is the pH range for alkalinophiles? Give an example of an organism.

Back 61

>7
1. Bacillus cereus

Front 62

What is the pH range range for nuetrophiles (most molds and yeast)? Give an example of an organism

Back 62

5-6
1. Penicillium notatum

Front 63

What are the four categories of microbes based on temperature and give examples of each.

Back 63

1. Psychrophiles: 4C (Bacillus globisporus)
2. Mesophile: 37C (Staphylococcus aureus)
3. Thermophile: 65C (Bacillus stearothermophilus)
4. Hyperthermophiles: 90C (Thermus aquaticus)

Front 64

What percentage is atmospheric O2?

Back 64

21%