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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reducing Bacteria- Killing All |
Sterilization (example: Autoclave) |
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Reducing Bacteria in Dairy Products |
Pasteurization |
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Reducing Bacteria in a Living Subject |
Antisepsis (w/antiseptics) |
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Reducing Bacteria on Non Living Objects |
Disinfection |
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Two Methods for Reducing Bacteria |
Chemical and Physical |
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2 Antimicrobial Tests: |
1) Kirby Bauer Test- Antibiotic Sensitivity Test 2) Antimicrobial Efficacy Test- Tests chemical cleaners |
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Kirby Bauer Test Results: |
Zone of inhibition- More than- susceptible Less than- resistant Inside zone- intermediate |
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Phenol Coefficiency Test (Quantitative Test) |
Bacteria beads placed inside of phenol dilutions, incubated, Read Results MIC or PC |
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MIC in Phenol Coefficiency Test |
Minimal Inhibition Concentration- Least to Kill More than MIC: Bacteria Killed Less than MIC: Bacteria survived |
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Phenol Coefficiency PC |
Phenol's MIC/Testing Agent's MIC, then flip over fraction, equals PC PC more than 1, better than Phenol PC less than 1, then worse than by 1/PC time |
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Antimicrobial Chemicals- Low Leveled |
detergents and soaps (ex: Surgical Soap Zephiran) |
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Antimicrobial Chemicals- Intermediate Leveled |
1-Alchol 2-Phenol and Phenolics 3- Halogens |
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Growth Controlling Factors |
1/temperature 2/pH 3/Osmotic Pressure 4/Oxygen Requirements |
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psychrophile |
5-15*C bacteria in fridge |
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mesophile |
25-45*C human pathogen |
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thermophile |
45-70*C Hot Spring Bacteria |
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Hyperthermophile |
85-110*C Volcano Vent bacteria |
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Thermophilus Aquatics |
Polymerase Chain Reaction separates DNA into 2 strands |
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neutrophile |
pH7.0 is optimal |
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Acidophile |
optimal pH less than 7.0 |
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Alkalinophile |
optimal pH more than 7.0 |
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Osmotic Pressure |
Isotonic Solutions 0.9% NaCe (sodium chloride) 5% Glucose |
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Isotonic Solution |
0.9% NaCe |
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Hypertonic Solution |
more than 0.9% NaCe |
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Hypotonic Solution |
less than 0.9% NaCe |
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Grows best in high NaCe |
Halophile |
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Grows best in normal NaCe, but can tolerate high salt as well |
Haloduric |
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Can NOT grow in High NaCe |
Non Haloduric |
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grows in 21% oxygen (air) |
Obligate Aerobe (ex: Bacillus spp) |
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Grows in 2-10% oxygen (reduced from air) |
Microaerophile (ex: pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
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Grows in ANY amount of oxygen |
Facultative Anaerobe (ex: E Coli) |
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Cannot grow in any amount of oxygen 0% |
Obligate Anaerobe |
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Unstable/Toxic Forms of Oxygen |
1/Singlet 2/SuperOXide 3/Peroxide 4/Hydroxyl Radical |
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What detoxifies Singlet? |
Pigment (ex: Carotenoid, antioxidant, reduces extra energy) |
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What detoxifies Super Oxide? |
Dismutase |
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What detoxifies Peroxide? |
Hydrogen Peroxide-Catalase Peroxidase |
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What detoxifies Hydroxyl Radical? |
not sure, look it up |
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Thioglycollate Broth Test |
Oxygen Requirement Test Pink- positive O2 Yellow/Pale- Negative 02 |
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Thioglycollate Broth Test results Top ONLY |
Obligate Aerobe |
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Thioglycollate Broth Test results Grow all the way through the broth |
Facultative Anaerobe |
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Thioglycollate Broth Test results Grow in the bottom only |
Obligate Anaerobe |
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Thioglycollate Broth Test Results Grow small amount in middle |
Microaerophile |
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which can Grow in Air 21% |
Obligate Aerobe and Facultative Anaerobe, microaerophile |
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which can Grow in Candle Jar 2-10% o2 |
Obligate Aerobe, Facultative Anaerobe, microaerophile |
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which can Grow in GasPak Jar 0% o2 |
Facultative Anaerobe and Obligative Anaerobe |
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Hydrogen Peroxide can be used as Sterilizer ______%? Disinfectant_______%? Antiseptic__________%? |
Sterilizer 25% Disinfectant 6% Antiseptic 3% |
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Disc Diffusion Test |
Kirby Bauer Test, tests efficacy of antibiotics |
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Kirby Bauer Results-zone of inhibition |
more than - susceptible less than- resistant in between-intermediate |
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Kirby Bauer Media |
Muller's Agar Plate, Antibiotic Discs Bacteria |
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Antimicrobial Efficacy Test |
dip disc into chemical, add to bacteria lawn, incubate, read zone of inhibition the Higher, the better |
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Phenol Coefficiency Test (quantitative test) |
Beads of bacteria placed inside of phenol dilution and Testing Agents, incubated, then compared. |
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Phenol Coefficiency Test results |
MIC Minimal Inhibition Concentration- Least to Kill More than MIC: bacteria killed Less than MIC: bacteria survive |
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Phenol Coefficiency PC |
Fraction: Phenol's MC/Testing Agent's MIC Flip Fraction, Divide out if PC more than 1, then it's better than Phenol by PC time If PC less than 1, then it is worse than Phenol by 1/PC time |
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Used as first Antiseptic |
Phenol |
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inside Lysol |
Biphenolics |
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Low Leveled Antimicrobial Chemicals |
Detergents and Soaps (ex: Surgical Soap Zephiran) |
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Intermediate Leveled Antimicrobial Chemicals |
1/Alcohol 2/Phenol & Phenolics 3/Halogens |
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Drinking Alcohol (intermediate) |
Ethanol CH3CH2OH |
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Rubbing Alcohol (intermediate) |
Isopropanol more than 90% cools temperature, not used as antiseptic |
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Alcohol as Antiseptic (intermediate) |
70-80% isopropanol |
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Alchohol as Solvent (intermediate) |
Tincture ex: Tincture of Iodine for Wound Care 7% iodine in Ethanol |
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what is the antimicrobial chemical in Lysol |
Phenolics |
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4 Halogens: (intermediate) |
1/Iodine 2/Chloride 3/Bromine 4/Flourine |
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Iodine (Intermediate) |
*ex: Iodine tablet makes water drinkable *Tincture of Iodine- 7% iodine in Ethanol, Wound care * Povidone- Iodine containing compound (surgical scrub) *Iodophor- (Betadine) Povidone + Free Iodine Mixtur (skin prep for operation) |
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tablet that makes water drinkable |
Iodine |
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wound care tincture |
Tincture of Iodine 7% iodine in ethanol |
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surgical scrub |
Povidone (iodine containing compound) |
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Skin preparation for Operation most advanced |
Iodophor (brand name Betadine) Povidone+free Iodine Mixture |
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Chloride (Intermediate) |
*Sodium Hypochloride- Bleach (NaCeO) *Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(CeO)2) H20 Treatment * Chlorine Dioxide (gas)-cleaning Space & building *Chloramine- Wound Care, H2O treatment |
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Bleach |
Sodium Hypochloride (intermediate, halogen) |
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water treatment |
Calcium Hypochlorite (intermediate, halogen) |
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cleaning space and buildings |
Chlorine Dioxide Gas (intermediate, halogen) |
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Wound Care and H2O treatment |
chloramine (intermediate, halogen) |
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clean hot tub because of slower evaporation |
Bromine (intermediate, halogen) |
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reduce dental decay and cavity |
flourine (intermediate, halogen) |
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High Leveled Antimicrobial Chemicals |
1/Formaline 2/Ethyline Oxide 3/Hydrogen Peroxide |
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Formaline (high leveled) |
37% Formaldehyde in H2o Used as embalming agent or preservative |
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Ethylene Oxide (high leveled) |
Gas for cleaning Space and Buildings |
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Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 |
Use in High Concentration 25% as Sterilizer
(6% for disinfectant, 3% for antiseptic) |
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Physical Methods of Antimicrobial Control |
1/Temperature, example Autoclave machine, 15 pounds, 121 degrees Celcius, 15 minutes 2/ Radiation- Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum, shorter wave length, better penetration to kill more |
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Shortest Waves, Clean most |
Gamma Rays for example: Gamma Knife kill tumor cells in brain, penetrates with power |
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Gamma Ray |
0.001nm |
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Xray |
0.1 nm |
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UV ray |
10nm |
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Visible Light |
300-700nm |
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Common Pathway for Metabolism |
Lipid, Protein, and Carbohydrates share the common pathway of Glucose Metabolism |
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Breakdown of nutrients for metabolism |
Catabolism |
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Glycolosis in any O2 condition occurs in Cytoplasma |
No Co2 produced 2 ATP's used to trap glucose 2ATP's produced in Net 2NAD+Electron become NADH+H Produces 2xPyruvates (most energy still stored) |
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Acetyl CoA formation and Kreb's Cycle location |
Prokaryote: inside cytoplasm Eukaryote:inner membrane of Mitochondria |
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Acetyl CoA formation |
2x 1 co2 produced 1 NADH+H (check) produced |
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Kreb's Cycle (Citrate Cycle) (TriCarboxylic Cycle) |
Produces 2 x: 2 CO2 3 NADH+H (check) 1 ATP 1 FADH |
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Electron Transport System or Chain |
NADH+H produce 3 ATP's 1 FADH produces 2 ATP's 38 ATP's per glucose produced |
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Electron Carrier NAD+ (low energy form) |
Reduced by 2 electrons, High energy Form is NADH+H+ produced in glycolosis, Acetyl CoA formation, and Kreb's Cycle |
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Electron Carrier FAD (low energy form) |
reduced by 2 electrons, High Energy form is FADH2 produced in Kreb's Cycle only |
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ETC Complex I |
Fe containing protein, NAD+ reduced to NAD+ |
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ETC Complex II |
FAD (flavine protein) reduced to FADH |
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Coenzyme Q (mobile) Ubiquinome |
Mobile carrier 1 to 3 2 to 3 |
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ETC Complex III |
cytochrome b (pigment) |
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Cytochrome C mobile Carrier |
3 to 4 |
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ETC Complex IV |
Cytochrome a +a3 with oxidase oxidation, produces H2O product of respiration |
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ETC Complex V |
H+ proton channel: influx of protons ATP Synthetase Oxidative Phosphorylation is Chemiosmosis ATP produced |
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Most ATP produced in? |
Electron Transport Chain (34) |
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chemiosmosis takes place in |
Electron Transport Chain |
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In the ETC, 02 receives electron, what is produced |
Water |
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how many ATP's produced in neurons and muscles? |
38 |
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body cells other than neurons and muscles produce how many ATPs |
36 |
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Anaerobic Pathway |
Fermentation, incomplete breakdown, Low Yield ATP |
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In humans fermentation produces: |
Lactate -3C |
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Anaerobic Respiration |
Complete Breakdown, High Yield ATP, does not use oxygen as a receiver, but other elements such as Sulfur, Nitrogen, Carbon (no water produced) |
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C6 H12 6O2==6Co2 + 6H20+36-38 ATP |
Aerobic Respiration complete breakdown (water produced) |
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Function of Fermentation |
To Regenerate NAD+ for Glycolysis |
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Enterobacteriaceae Family name 4 opportunistic pathogens |
1 Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) 2 Klebsiella Pneumoniae 3 Serretia Marscenes 4 Proteus Vulgaris |
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Enterobacteriaceae Family name 3 Absolute Pathogens |
1 Salmonella Typhi (Typhoid Fever) 2 Shigella Dysenteriae (Shigellosis, Dysentery, bloody diarrhea) 3 Yersinia Pestis (Plague, Black Death) |
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Vibrionaceae Family curved rods Gm negative |
Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera) |
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Enterobacteriaceae Shape/Color/Features |
Pink Straight Rods Gram negative, Facultative Anaerobes |
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Oxidase Test |
TMPD is colorless after test, purple is positive colorless is negative |
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Selective and Differential Media |
EMB Agar Plate McConkey Agar Plate |
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EMB Eosin Methylene Blue |
Inhibits Gram positive Selects out Gram negative |
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Lactose Fermenter |
Usually Opportunistic |
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Non Lactose Fermenter |
Absolute Pathogen |
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Differential Features |
1 Motility (examples e Coli, Salmonella are Motile, Shigella is Non motile) |
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Differential Features |
2 Hemolitic reaction on Blood Agar Alpha incomplete Beta Complete hemolysis (eats RBCs) Y- none |
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Differential Features |
Nitrate Reduction 4 Fates: 1 Nitrite 2 Nitrogen Gas 3 Ammonia 4 No reduction |
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Differential Feature #4 most important |
Carbohydrate Utilization |
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CHO Utilization Test |
Medium: Phenol Red Broth with Durham Tube p H indicator in Acidic environment less than 7 yellow (acidic, CHO user) 7 Red more than 7 pink If Co2 producer, gas inside Durham Tube |
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Enterobacteriacae Family- All can use |
Glucose |
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Enterobacteriacae Family Some Can use, some cannot use |
Lactose Coliform- Opportunistic (such as E Coli, Klebsiella, Serretia, Proteus) Noncoliform- Absolute Pathogens (example salmonella, shigella) |
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opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella Pneumoniae |
Causes Pneumonia (capsule is virulent Factor) |
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opportunistic pathogen Serratia Marscenes |
Causes Pneumonia (red pigment) |
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Opportunistic Pathogen Proteus Vulgaris |
Causes Kidney Stone (spreads in wavelike pattern, peritrichous
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opportunistic pathogen E. Coli, EXCEPT in these absolute pathogens: |
ETEC- (enterotoxic e coli) cholera like toxin, Huge amount Watery Diarrhea (traveler's diarrhea, one week) EPEC- (enteropathogenic e coli) damage brush border of intestine, some watery/some bloody diarrhea, longer recovery microvilli regenerate (infantile diarrhea) EHEC (enterohemorragic E Coli) Shiga like toxin, O157:H7 hemorrhagic Colitis- death Bloody diarrhea |
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Shigella Dysenteria Absolute pathogen |
Oral fecal route, 2 to 3 days, Causes Shigellosis (Dysentery) Bloody diarrhea Mucous cramping/frequent defecation |
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Yersinia Pestis Absolute Pathogen |
Causes Plague also known as Black Death Host- Rodents Vector-Flea Results in Bubonic Plague from flea bite Pneumonic Plague from Air droplets of infected persons (causes outbreak) |
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Vibrionaceae Family (curved pink rod) |
Example: Vibrio Cholerae causes Cholera oral fecal route, potent enterotoxin, large amount of watery diarrhea up to 20L/day Treatment: Rehydration |
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Electron transport chain |
3ATP per molecule of NADH |
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Glycolysis |
2 molecules pyruvic acid per one glucose |
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Krebs cycle |
3 molecules of NADH |
