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100 Cards in this Set

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PRION

Proteins that cause changes in brain. No inflammatory response/symptoms


newly discovered - no cure


inhibits protein functions

Cause of neurodegenerative disorders in animals and humans. "Mad cow disease".


improper folding of protein due to issues in neural cells

VIRON

Fully developed viral particle

Active Virus

Virus that immediately goes into action



Hidden Virus

Still infects, lays low & then reactivates

Fomites

Something that is non-living yet capable of carrying infectious organisms

Examples: Hair, clothing, bedding, table tops, counter tops

Vectors

Living organisms that transmit disease

Examples: fleas, ticks, mosquitos

Nonsocomial Infection

Infection during hospital stay

Affect 5-15% of hospital patients

Case Reporting

detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient

usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence.

Morbidity

Incidence of disease

Mortality

Death from a disease

Notifiable Infectious Disease

A disease that must be reported by healthcare professionals.

Examples: Anthrax, gonorrhea, etc.

What does bacteria need in order to grow/be virulent in the body?

Stages of Growth

LAG PHASE: Increased metabolic activity


LOG PHASE: Starts growing - you will see cloudiness


STATIONARY PHASE: Decrease in nutrients, balance of cell growth & death


DEATH PHASE: Cell death > cell growth

Metabolism

The means by which a microbe obtains the energy

Enzymes & proteins!!

Principles of Disinfection

Concentration


Organic Matter


pH


Time

Phenols (Disinfectant)

Injure plasma membrane, causes leakage of cell contents

Examples: mouthwash, sore throat lozenges.

Halogens (Disinfectant)

Affect cell enzyme systems - kills, cannot metabolically function, oxidizes

Example: chlorine

Alcohol(Disinfectant)

Denatures proteins & dissolves lipids; affects plasma membrane and integrity of cell

Examples: Ethanol & isopropanol (require water)

PAUL EHRLICH

Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease

ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928)

Penicillin

He realized that a particular mold inhibited growth of S.aureus

Sources of Antibiotics?

Gram + bactieria


Filamentous bacteria - soil bacteria


Molds & fungi

Antimicrobial drugs

Interferes with growth of microbes

Antibiotic

Produced by a microbe that inhibits another

"Magic Bullet"

Target specific bacteria functions

Bacteriostatic drugs

Used when an immune reaction is desired; stops growth of new microbes but does not kill



Benefit of immune reaction: will have antibodies in case of future infection

Lipopeptides

Used as antibiotics against Gram + bacteria



Polymyxin B

Used as antibiotic against Gram - bactiera



Rifamycin

Inhibits RNA synthesis

Competitive Inhibition

Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa

Antiviral Drugs

Can block initial steps of viral infections

Antiviral

Prevents replication - protein inhibitors

Block release:


exit inhibitors


HIV

Interferons

Inhibits spread of infection

Selective Toxicity

Kill microbial cells but not the host's cells, target certain ribosomes.

Examples: Antimicrobial drugs

Persister Cells

Genetically resistant, grows despite antibiotics

Kirby Bauer

Disc diffusion, determine the effectiveness of certain antibiotics using a disc on a bacteria covered agar plate

Measured by the diameter of the circle of diffusion around disc

Oncogenes

A gene with the potential to cause cancer

Mutation

Oncogenic Viruses

Viruses that cause of give risk to cancer causing tumors. Causes cells to turn into cancer cells

messes up host cells DNA, grows beyond its capacity


HPV VACCINE

Pathogen

Disease causing organism

Pathology

Study of disease

Etiololgy

Study of cause of disease

Normal Flora

Microbes in or on a host that do not cause disease

In the womb, animals (including humans) are germ free/sterile

Epidemiology

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Commensalism

One benefits, other is unharmed

harmless

Mutualism

Both benefit

helpful

Parasitism

One benefits, one is harmed

harmful

Opportunism

Does not cause harm unless appropriate condition exists

potentially harmful

Sarcoma

Cancer of connective tissue

Adenocarcinomas

Cancer of glandular epithelial tissue

Pathogenesis

the development of disease

Infection

colonization of the body by pathogens

Disease

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Normal Flora

Always beneficial for host

symbiotic relationship

Normal Flora means of protection

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy


Producing acids


Producing bacteriocin

Probiotics

live microbes that are ingested/applied into the body to exert a benefical effect

Places with normal flora

Oral cavity (mouth) & upper respiratory Tract


Urogenital Tract


Gastrointestinal tract


Skin



Koch's Postulates

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease


The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture


The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal


The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions


Some pathogens cause disease only in humans

Symptom

Change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

feelings

Sign

A change in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

measured

Syndrome

Specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Communicable Disease

disease spread from one host to another

Contagious Disease

easily spread from one host to another

Non-communicable disease

a disease that is not transmitted from on host to another

cancers, diabetes

Incidence

fraction of a population that contracts a disease in a specific time

Prevalence

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Sporadic disease

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

endemic

constantly present

epidemic

many hosts in a given area at a specific time

pandemic

worldwide epidemic

herd immunity

immunity in most of a population

acute disease

symptoms develop rapidly

chronic disease

disease develops slowly

subacute disease

symptoms between acute and chronic

laten disease

disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

local infection

pathogens in small area



systemic infection



pathogens throughout the body

focal infecion

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Toxemia

toxins in blood

Viremia

viruses in blood

Transmission of disease

direct


indirect


droplet

Vehicle Transimssion

transmission by an inanimate resivoir

food, water, air

Mechanical transimisson

bug carries pathogen on feet

Biological transmission

pathogen reproduces in vector (bug)

Bacteria Classifications

Psychrophiles - cold; close to freezing point of water 0-32 degrees


Mesophiles - avg. (we work with these - ~37 C) optimal temp close to host body temp


Thermophiles - hot; 50-60 C


Hyperthermophiles - >80 C



Most bacteria grow within a limited range of temp, usually 30 C

What do antibiotics do?

Injure plasma membrane, mess up cell wall, inhibit protein syntheis

Bacteriostatic

Prevent from replicating - do not kill



Bacteriocidal

Kills

Autoclave

Heat, pressure, & steam for a time (15 min?)

Moist vs. dry heat

Phosphorus

is benefical becuase it bonds to DNA, mRNA, & ATP

Normal Flora varies based on ________

diet, environment, lifestyle, sex, age

Koch Postulates prove ___________

an organism causes a disease

Obligate anaerobe

Oxygen = no growth

Salt & Sugar

hypertonic environment

inhibits microbe growth due to toxicity

Right before beginning of peak of disease graph, symptoms are ___________

at worst, microbes at highest

Streptomycin

treats TB

aminoglycoside like gentamicin

Osmotic pressure

Isotonic - equal solut in & out of cell


Hypertonic - greater solute outside of cell


Hypotonic - greater solute inside of cell


Hypertonic envi. cause plasmolysis due to high osmotic pressure

cells exist in water envi., 80-90% water and are suseptible to osmotic pressure

Requirements for growth

Physical:


Temp.


pH - bacteria: 6.5 - 7.5


molds & yeasts: 5 - 6


acidic envi. prevents spoilage of food by fermentation




Osmotic pressure


Chemical:


Carbon


Nitrogen, sulfur, & phosphorus


Trace elements


Oxygen


Organic growth factors

Ribosome Structure in Prokaryote

70s; 50s & 30s subunits

Ribosome Structure in Eukaryote

80s; 60s & 40s subunits

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Antibiotics that target both Gram + and Gram - bacteria

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

Antibiotics that target either Gram + or Gram - bacteria

Antibiotics that target either Gram + or Gram - bacteria