• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/118

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

118 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

- Enterobacteriaceae


- Other Gram Negative Bacilli

The Enteropluri Multi Test can be used for what 2 microbes?

- Gram Negative


- Oxidase Negative


- Facultative Anaerobic


- Lactic Acid Fermentation

4 Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae (Gram, Oxidase, Oxygen Requirements, Metabolism)

1. 12


2. Wire


3. 18


4. 24


5. 37

Enteropluri Test has __1__ chambers with a removable __2__ running lengthwise through the center of the chambers used to aseptically inoculate all the chambers at once.


Results should be read no sooner than __3__ hours and no later than __4__ hours after inoculation incubated at __5__ degrees Celcius.

1. Positive


2. 5


3. 5


4. Results Sheet


5. Voges-Proskauer

Only the _1_ results are added up for _2_ groups to produce a __3__ digit numeric code, which is then used to identify the bacterium from the Enteropluri __4__. Some members of Enterobacteriaceae have the same identifying numeric code, and if so, the __5__ test can be performed further to differentiate.
48
The testing culture for the Enteropluri Rapid Identification Test should be no older than ____ hours.

1. White


2. Purple


3. Agar

The tip of the inoculating wire is under the __1__ cap of the Enteropluri Test, and the end to be twisted in a spiral to be removed and inoculated is under the _2_ cap. The wire should not touch the __3__ underneath the colony of growth.

1. Anaerobic


2. Foil


3. 8


4. Aerobic


5. Flat

For the Enteropluri Test after inoculating, break the wire at the notch by bending it, any wire remaining helps maintain __1__ conditions for those compartments that require it. Punch holes through the __2__ that covers the last __3__ compartments to allow __4__ growth. Replace both caps and incubate with the tube lying on its __5__ surface.

- Negative for both


- Dulcitol: Positive; PA: Negative


- Dulcitol: Negative; PA: Positive




(NPNNP)

Interpret the results for the Dulcitol/PA Test.


If Green?


If Yellow?


If Dark Brown?

TSA Plate (Catalase/Coagulase/Gram Stain)


Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)


Bile Esculin Agar (BE)


Blood Agar



What were the 4 Medias used for the Gram Positive Unknown? (TMBB)


Catalase


Coagulase


Gram Stain Morphology

What 3 Tests could be done with the TSA Plate growth for the Gram Positive unknown?

- Positive


- Negative


With a Gram Positive coccus, which would have a positive or negative catalase reaction?


- Staphylococcus


- Streptococcus and Enterococcus


Enterococcus
Between the two Gram Positive catalase-positive coccus (Strepto or Enterococcus), the Bile Esculin plate will turn black for which one?

1. Beta


2. Alpha


3. Yellow


4. Black-Brown

With a Gram-Positive bacillus, B. cereus is __1__ hemolytic, B. subtilis is __2__ hemolytic.


B. subtilis will also make the Mannitol Salt plate __3__ and cause __4__ discoloration of Bile Esculin agar.

1. Exotoxins


2. Beta


3. Alpha


4. Green


5. Brown


6. Gamma

___1___ usually from Gram Positive Bacteria cause lysis of the red blood cells in Blood Agar. ___2___ completely lyse the RBCs and hemoglobin, so results involve complete clearing around colonies. ___3___ hemolysis refers to partial lysis of RBC's and hemoglobin, and produced __4__ or ___5___ discoloration of the blood agar around the colonies. __6__ hemolysis results in no change of the medium.

Positive: Black


Negative: No Change




Group D Streps


Describe positive and negative result for Bile Esculin agar. What type of Group from Gram Positive bacteria test positive for BE hydrolysis?

1. Selective


2. Differential


3. Staphylococcus


4. Micrococcus


5. Salt


6. Mannitol

Mannitol Salt Agar is both __1__ and __2__ for Gram-Positive bacteria. It can help differentiate pathogenic ___3___ species from nonpathogenic ___4___ species. It can help determine two characteristics of bacteria, whether they are __5__ tolerant or able to ferment __6__.

Positive: Growth


Negative: No Growth

Describe positive and negative results for the selective part of the Mannitol Salt Agar? (7.5% salt)

Positive: Yellow, Ferments, Acidic


Negative: Phenol Red, Cannot Ferment, Basic

Describe positive and negative results for the differential part of Mannitol Salt Agar.

Positive: Bubbles


Negative: No change

Describe positive and negative results for the Catalase Test after introduction of hydrogen peroxide.

Positive: White precipitate


Negative: Milky without clumps

Describe positive and negative results for the Coagulase test - useful for identifying Gram-Positive, Catalase-Positive Cocci.

- TSA plate


- Eosin Methylene Blue Agar


- Simmons Citrate Agar


- MacConkey Agar


- Triple Sugar Iron Agar Slant


- Phenol Red Fermentation Broths (Glucose/Sucrose/Lactose)

6 types of media that was used to identify Gram Negative Unknown Bacteria (TEC MT P)

1. Gram Negative


2. Lactose


3. Coliform


4. red

Eosin Methylene Blue Agar selects for ___1___ bacteria and differentiates for those which ferment ___2___ and form ___3___. The agar is a __4__ color.

Positive: Purple with green sheen


Medium: Small acid production - Pink


Negative: Colorless

Describe Positive, medium, and negative results for EMB Agar.

1. citrase

2. carbon


3. nitrogen


4. bromthymol blue


5. green


6. blue

Citrate Agar is used to test for the ability of an organism to use the enzyme ___1____, to use citrate as its sole ___2___ source. The ammonium ion is the sole ___3____ source. The pH indicator, ___4___ will turn from ___5____ at neutral pH to ___6____ when a pH is basic.

Lactose


Sucrose (saccharose)


Glucose (dextrose)

Phenol Red Fermentation Broth Tubes


- Red cap for?


- White cap for?


- Blue cap for?

Lactose Utilization




- Lactose broth


- Triple Sugar Iron Agar Slant


- Eosin Methylene Blue Plate


- MacConkey Plate

First basic strategy to determine a Gram Negative unknown is by observing?


4 Medias to test for this.

- Escherchia coli


- Enterobacter aerogenes


- Citrobacter freundii

3 Gram Negative - Lactose Fermentators

- Pseudomonas aeruginosa


- Proteus mirabilis


- Serratia marcescens

3 Gram Negative - Lactose Negative Organisms

- Citrate Test


- H2S Production

2 Additional Tests that can be used for identification of Gram-Negative, Lactose-Positive organisms

Escherichia coli


Citrobacter freundii

2 Gram-Negative Lactose-Positive Bacteria that has a slight sheen along with the purple colonies on the EMB plate



- Which one has the green sheen?

Positive: Blue


Negative: Green


- Escherichia coli

What is a positive and negative result of citrate utilization?


Give an example of a citrate negative Gram-Negative bacteria.

- Proteus mirabilis


- Citrobacter freundii


2 Gram-Negative Bacteria that both produce H2S

- H2S production


- Sucrose Fermentation


2 Additional Tests to determine Gram-Negative, Lactose Negative Organisms

Positive: Gas / Yellow acidity


Negative: No Gas / Red



Pseudomonas aeruginosa


What is a positive and negative result for carbohydrate broth tests - the ability to ferment sugars?


Give an example of a carbohydrate negative bacteria.


Proteus mirabilis
Gram-Negative, H2S producing bacteria that can break down urea agar (to pink from alkaline pH from ammonia production)
1. acids

2. yellow


3. ammonia


4. basic


5. violet

Some organisms with rapid metabolism can quickly ferment sugars in phenol red carbohydrate fermentation broths, converting them to __1___ and turn the media the color ___2___. When sugars are exhausted, they rely on peptides as a source of energy. Amino acid fermentation produces __3__ which has a ___4___ pH, turning the media back to a red or __5__ color. If this is so, check to see if there is gas inside the Durham tube to indicate sugar fermentation.
1. Differential

2. sulfur


3. hydrogen sulfide


4. Enterobacteriaceae


5. phenol red

TSI agar is a ___1___ test for seeing if bacteria have the ability to ferment glucose, lactose, or sucrose, and to reduce __2__ to ___3___. It is used primarily to distinguish ___4___ which can all ferment glucose to an acid end product. The pH indicator is __5__.

1. Butt of the tube

2. whole tube


3. alkaline


4. red


5. Hydrogen sulfide H2S


6. black

TSI agar only has a small amount of glucose compared to sucrose and lactose, to see if an organism only ferments glucose, in which the __1__ will be yellow. If can ferment either sucrose or lactose, the __2__ will be yellow. If peptones are used, there will be a __3__ reaction to color __4__. __5__ production can also be observed with glucose fermenters if the butt of the tube turns __6__,

1. Gram Positive

2. Bile Salts


3. Crystal Violet


4. Lactose


5. neutral red


6. colorless


7. pinkish-red


8. pink cloudy precipitate

MacConkey Agar inhibits __1__ bacteria because of the presence of __2__ and __3___. It differentiates between members of the Enterobacteriaceae based on __4__ fermentation. The pH indicator is __5__, which turns __6__ above 6.8 and __7__ below 6.8. If there is fermentation, the colonies will also turn a __7__ color. Rapid fermenters will have a __8__ in the agar around the colonies from bile salt precipitation.

Rhizopus




Asexual

Which species of fungi had both asexual and sexual spores?


Penicillium notatum and Aspergillis niger both had _______ spores.

1. lung biopsy


2. yeast

The fungi Pneumocystic carnii was obtained from a ___1___. Candida albicans is known to be associated with ___2___.

Fungi

Rhizopus


Penicillium notatum


Aspergillis niger


Candida albicans


Penumocystis carnii




These are examples of?

Feces

Balantidium coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia samples can be obtained from?

Vaginal wash

Trichomonas vaginalis samples can be obtained from?

Blood

Trypanosoma, Plasmodiu vivax, and Toxoplasma gondii samples can be found in?

Protozoans

Balantidium coli


Entamoeba histolytica


Giardia lamblia


Trichomonas vaginalis


Trypanosoma


Plasmodiu vivax


Toxoplasma gondii




These are examples of?

Helminths

Enterobius


Trichinella spiralis


Ascaris lumbricoides


Necator americanus


Fasciola


Clonochis


Taenia solium


Schistosoma


Ancylostoma




These are examples of?

Aspergillis niger

- Less likely to cause human disease than some of its other species


- Causes black mold of onions and ornamental plants

Aspergillis niger

Rhizopus - Asexual Spores

Rhizopus - Sexual Spores

Penicillium notatum

Candida albicans

diploidfungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent ofopportunistic oral and genital infections in humansm

Candidiasis

•fungal infection that can affect areassuch as the: Skin,Genitals, Throat, Mouth, Blood

Pneumocystis carinii




Pneumocystis pneumonia

Yeast - causativeorganism of _________, it is an important human pathogen,particularly among immunocompromised hosts

Candida albicans



Candida albicans

Pneumocystis carinii

Pneumocystis carinii

Giardia lamblia

Fecal-oral transmission:contaminated water


Cysts present in feces frominfected individual

Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonasvaginalis

Whenacidic pH of vagina is raised, proliferates causes inflammation.You may notice an unusual genital discharge. Only 30% show symptoms.

Trichomoniasis

Sexuallytransmitted disease

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Toxoplasmagondii

–Problematic in immuno-compromised andpregnant women


– Symptoms: sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen.


–Most people get rid of it after a fewmonths.


–AIDS patients: Can lead to Encephalitis!!

Toxoplasma gondii

–In Unborn babies:


–Small or enlarged heads


–Damaged lungs and liver


–Spontaneous abortions

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii

- Spread by ingestion of oocytes in animals


- Spread by ingestion of pseudocysts in undercooked meats

Trypanasoma brucei

Africansleeping sickness


- spread via bite from the tsetsifly


- infects CNS


-causes fatigue and lack of interest


- organism tricks the immune system!!


- Infected over 60 million people

Trypanasoma brucei

Trypanasoma brucei

Plasmodium vivax

- Immobile species causing malaria in humans are transmitted by mosquito

Malaria

- 300-500 million cases/year


- over 1 million deaths


- 1 child in Africa dies every 30 seconds

Plasmodium vivax

- Sporozoites are injected into host during blood meal


- Trophozoite


- Oocyst in mosquito

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax

Entamoebahistolytica

- Only pathogenic amoeba found in human intestines

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica

Balantidium coli

onlyciliated human parasitic protozoa

Balantidium coli

–Cysts ingested - become trophozoites in intestines - enzymes destroy intestinal cells - dysentery

Balantidium coli

Pinworm

- Enterobius


- Parasitic worm

Enterobius

- Nematode (roundworm) and common intestinal parasite or helminth, esp. in humans


- Primary symptom: itching in anal area


- Spread through human-human transmission, by ingesting eggs

Enterobius vermicularis eggs

Enterobius vermicularis

Enterobius vermicularis

Trichinellaspiralis

-nematode parasiteoccurring in rodents, pigs, horse, bears and humans


- foundcommonly in undercooked pork products


- Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea


- Females are twice the same of males

Trichinella spiralis

Ascaris lumbricoides

giantroundworm of humans growing to a lengthof up to 35 cm it is the largest and most common parasiticworm in humans

Ascaris lumbricoides

-oneof the group of neglected tropical diseases. - infects humans when aningested fertilized egg becomes a larval worm that penetrates thewall of the duodenum and enters the blood stream


- From there, it is carried to the liver and heart, and enters pulmonarycirculation tobreak free in the alveoli, where it grows and molts

Ascaris lumbricoides

- Preventing requiresfecal treatment systems.


- eggs are one of the most difficultpathogens to kill (second only to prions), and the eggs commonly survive 1–3years

Ascaris lumbricoides

livesin the intestine where it lays eggs. Infectionoccurs when the eggs, too small to be seen by the eye, are eaten. The eggs mayget onto vegetables when improperly processed human feces of infected people are used asfertilizer for food crops

Ascaris lumbricoides

Necator americanus

- known as the New Worldhookworm


- nematode that lives in the small intestineof hosts such as humans, dogs, and cats


- Malesare usually 7–9 mm long, whereas females are about 9–11 mm long

Necator americanus

typicallifespan of these parasites is three to five years. They can produce between5000 and 10,000 eggs per day

Necator americanus

wormstarts out as an unembryonated egg in the soil. The larval form is able to penetrate human skin,travel through the blood vessels and heart, and reach the lungs

Necator americanus

95%of human hookworm cases are caused by this hookworm, primarily in young school children ineconomically deprived rural areas

Saccharomyces

Fasciola hepatica

- Common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke

Fasciola hepatica

-parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm) that infects the livers ofvarious mammals


- one ofthe largest flukes of the world, reaching a length of30 mm and a width of 13 mm


- Leaf-shaped

Fasciola hepatica

- Requires freshwater snail as an intermediate host

Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis sinensis

-Chineseliver fluke, is a human liver fluke in the class Trematoda This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found mainly inthe common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile currently infecting an estimated30,000,000 humans


- 85%of cases are found in China. First host is the snails, second host is fish

Clonorchis sinensis

Taenia solium

intestinal zoonotic parasite foundthroughout the world, and is most prevalent in countries where pork is eaten. The adult worm is foundin humans and has a flat, ribbon-like body, which is white in color andmeasures 2 to 3 m in length. Its distinct head, the scolex, contains suckers

Taenia pisiformis

Schistosoma

blood-flukes,are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highlysignificant group of infections in humans termed _______

Schistosoma

secondmost socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease, (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infectedworldwide

Schistosoma

Adultworms are 10 to 20 mm long; the male has an unusual lamelliformshape with marginal folds forming a canal in which the slender female wormresides

Schistosoma

Schistosoma

Ancylostoma

- parasiticnematode worm and commonly known as the Old World hookworm

Ancylostoma

smallintestine of hosts such as humans, cats and dogs, where it is able to mate andmature. Males are 8 mm to 11 mm long with a copulatory bursa at theposterior end. Females are 10 mm to 13 mm long causes abdominal pain,loss of appetite. the adult worm live in the jejunum mainly" where theyattach to the villi and female worms can lay 25,000 eggs per day. penetratesthe intact skin, most commonly through the feet and the larva enters the bloodcirculation

Ancylostoma