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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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eukaryotes have unique structures which distinguish them from prokaryotes what are these?
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cytoskeleton
flagella cilia 80s ribosomes |
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in eukaryotes what are thread like proteins which reconstructs to adapt to cells changing needs
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cytoskeleton
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what is the 3 main elements of the cytoskeleton?
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microtubles
actin filaments intermediate fibers |
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what is the study of disease transmission including what, where and when diseases occur
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Epidemiology
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what is any change from a normal healthy state?
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disease
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what is colonization and replication of potential pathogens in a host?
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infection
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what is a constant source of infection that gives a pathogen a place to survive and replicate?
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reservoir
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what are human reservoirs who do not show signs of disease?
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carriers
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shed pathogens all their life?
a. chronic carriers b. casual carriers c. incubatory d. convalescent carrier |
a. chronic carriers
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shed pathogens only temporarily and do not get the disease?
a. chronic carriers b. casual carriers c. incubatory d. convalescent carrier |
b. casual carriers
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show no symptoms in the communicable period because they are in the incubation phase of the disease. they also shed organism temporarily
a. chronic carriers b. casual carriers c. incubatory d. convalescent carrier |
c. incubatory
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shows no sign of disease because they have recovered from the disease. they can shed organisms temporarily
a. chronic carriers b. casual carriers c. incubatory d. convalescent carrier |
d. convalescent carrier
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what are animals that carry pathogens from one host to another.
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vectors
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what are the most common vectors?
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arthropods such as insects
arthron- joints podos- foot "jointed foot" crustaceans, arachnids insects (mosquitoes) |
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the vector bites one host then another thereby transmitting the pathogen from one host to another
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biological transmission
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when the vector carriers the pathogen on its feet or the body parts
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mechanical transmission
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what pathogens are passed from one person to another by direct body contract as in sexual contact or by close personal contact
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direct transmission
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what is pathogens are passed person to person by some other object such as food, water, dust, soil, animals or inanimate object
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indirect contact
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what is inanimate objects that transmit disease such as spoons, cups and bedding etc...
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fomites
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what is microorganisms are carried in small drops of water
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droplet transmission
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microorganisms are carried in small drops of liquid is called
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droplet transmission
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organisms encased in dried mucus that makes a protective covering for the organism is called
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droplet nuclei
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a suspension of microorganism- containing particles of air, is called?
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aerosol formation
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what is characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue?
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septic
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what is characterized by the absence of pathogenic microbes?
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aseptic
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what methods and procedures used in the laboratory to prevent contamination of the work area, the worker and the cultures with microorganisms
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Aseptic technique
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what is a solution(liquid) containing nutrients required by microorganisms for growth?
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broth medium
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what is a seaweed polysaccharide containing D and L galactose
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agar
agar makes broth solid. microorganisms cannot digest agar therefore, the medium remains hard |
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what is the broth that has agar in it to make it hard?
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Solid medium
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what are the flat plastic plates with a lid; usually filled with a solid medium.
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petri plates
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where do you label the petri plates and why?
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the bottom not the lid in case they get dropped you can re lid them and still know what they are
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where do you label test tubes and why?
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you label the lid with the station number but you label the glass with the microorganisms name so it can be identified with or without the lid
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how many quadrants are in the are for streak plating?
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4 quadrants
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what is the importance of aseptic technique?
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"prevent contamination" methods and procedures used in the lab to prevent contamination of the work area, the worker and the cultures with microorganisms
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describe a medium broth
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a solution containing nutrients required by microorganisms for growth
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what is the difference between antiseptics and a disinfectant?
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antiseptic is for living tissue where disinfectant is for non-living surfaces like a table
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what information do you list on the petri dishes and test tubes
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test tube- microorganism on glass and station number on lid
petri dish- station number and microorganism on the bottom of the dish |
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what is the name of the solidifying agent used most successfully in bacterial nutrient media?
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agar
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what is the purpose of the streak plate?
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isolation and extraction
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how growth characteristics in broth are described?
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pellicle- scum layer on surface
ring-ring around the glass fine turbidity- cloudy throughout sediment- found on the bottom form- looking at colony with naked eye margin- under a macroscope elavation- what you can see of organisms |
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a colony consist of how many bacteria?
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1 million +
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what bacteria has broth characteristics which are sediment, turbidity and facultative anaerobe?
a. Staphylococcus epidermidis b. Bacillus subtilis c. Seratia marcescens d. E. coli |
a. Staphlococcus epidermidis
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what bacteria has broth characteristics which are sediment and pellicle on surface
a. Staphylococcus epidermidis b. Bacillus subtilis c. Seratia marcescens d. E. coli |
b. Bacillus subtilis
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what bacteria has broth characteristics which are facultative anaerobe, turbidity, would see red color
a. Staphylococcus epidermidis b. Bacillus subtilis c. Seratia marcescens d. E. coli |
c. Seratia marcescens
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what bacteria has broth characteristics which are turbidity and facultative anaerobe
a. Staphylococcus epidermidis b. Bacillus subtilis c. Seratia marcescens d. E. coli |
d. E. coli
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What is the streak plate characteristics for staph. epidermidis
Form- Elevation- Margin- |
Form- circular
Elevation- convex Margin- entire Color- white |
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What are the streak plate colony characteristics for Bacillus subtilis
Form- Elevation- Margin- color- cream |
Form- irregular
Elevation- raised/ umbonate Margin- undulate |
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What are the streak plate colony characteristics for serratia marcescens
Form- Elevation- Margin- |
Form- circular
Elevation-umbonate Margin- entire Color- red |
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What is the streak plate colony characteristics of E. coli
Form- Elevation- Margin- |
Form- irregular
Elevation- umbonate Margin- undulate Color- cream color |
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described with the naked eye
a. form b. elevation c. margin |
a. form
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described from the side
a. form b. elevation c. margin |
b. elevation
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described with a macroscope
a. form b. elevation c. margin |
c. margin
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how many lens are found on a simple microscope?
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one lens
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how many lens/es are found on a compound microscope?
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two lenses
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group of lenses below the stage which functions as a light gathering system which sends light to the specimen from the light source is called?
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condenser
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iris-like closure system below the stage which regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser is called?
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diaphragm
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the ability to distinguish 2 points as distinct, separate objects rather than as one blurred image is called
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resolving power
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relates to the size of the cone of light entering the objective and the medium surrounding the objective (usually air) is called?
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numerical aperture
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prevents loss of light rays due to diffraction
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immersion oil
because the oil has the same refractive index as glass |
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ocular magnification multiplied by the objective magnification is called?
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total magnification
EX: 10X times 100X= 1000X total magnification |
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once the specimen has been focused under low power (10X) the microscope is parfocal if you are able to switch to a higher magnification with a minimum of focal adjustment is called?
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parfocalism
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distance between the bottom of the objective lens and the slide is called
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working distance
as the magnification increases, the working distance decreases |
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less light is required at low magnifications as the magnification increases the need for light increases however, too much light can "burn out" the image is called
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light intensity
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as the magnification increases the diameter of the field decreases is called?
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diameter of field
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image passing into the objective lens from the specimen is called
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real image
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real image is further magnified by the ocular lens and passes to the retina of the eye is called?
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virtual image
Virtual image is upside down and reversed left to right |
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used to bring the specimen into approximate focus is called?
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coarse focus
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used to bring the specimen into clear focus is called?
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fine focus
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electrical adjustment for the light bulb is called?
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rheostat
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when a simple stain is made how many dyes are used?
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one
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when simple staining the what is the only requirement of the dye?
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it must be + charged so that it will be attracted to the negatively charged cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.
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what dyes might be used when simple staining a bacteria?
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Crystal violet
methylene blue safranin malachite green which they are all + charged |
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who developed the Gram staining technique and when?
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Hans Christian Gram in 1874
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during gram staining what are the organisms which retain the color of the stain?
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GRAM positive
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during gram staining what are the organisms which lose the stain color?
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GRAM negative
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T or F Gram + is positively charged and Gram - is negatively charged.
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False
Gram + or - does not refer to electrical charge. they simply mean what the response is to the Gram stain. |
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biochemically how does gram staining actually work?
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because of the differences in the cell walls of bacteria. Gram + have multiple layers of pepidoglycan in the cell wall which trap the dye, crystal violet. Gram - organisms have layers of lipid above their thin layer of peptidoglycan. the lipid layer loosely binds to the crystal violet. this is why we use the counter stain of safranin in order to stain the gram -
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after staining gram+ with crystal violet and washed the stain from the gram - with alcohol then staining gram - with safranin what is used to intensify the primary stain, crystal violet?
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Iodine called mordant
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which has more peptidoglycan
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
a. Gram+
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has an outer layer lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
a. Gram-
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which is more susceptible to lysozyme penicillin, basic dyes
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
a. Gram+
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which is from cytoplasm secrets exotoxin
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
a. Gram+
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cell wall is a endotoxin
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
b. Gram-
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intestinal rods few cocci
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
b. Gram-
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spore forming rods many cocci
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
a. Gram+
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alcohol removes lipid layers with dye molecules, any dye that reached the peptidoglycan leaks out.
a. Gram+ b. Gram- |
b. Gram-
when the lipid washes off the dye it decolorizes so no purple color |
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how is the total magnification of a microscope determined?
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magnification of the ocular lens (10X) times that of the objective (4,10,40,100)
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what is the purpose of the immersion oil?
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to prevent refraction of light rays
increase resolution b/c oil has the same refraction index as glass |
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the ability to differentiate between separate entities is called
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resolution(sharpness)
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who invented the microscope?
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A. V. Leeuwenhoek
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why do we air dry a bacterial smear?
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so it can be heat fixed without becoming airborne
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why is it necessary to heat-fix a bacterial smear?
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to kill them, stick them, stain them
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describe the characteristics of a basic dye
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it is positive so it will be attracted to negative substances and dye them
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what are some basic dyes?
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safranin
methyl blue crystal violet malachite green |
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how does the spore coat protect the bacteria?
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the spore coat protects the bacteria from heat, drying and chemical agents including some antibiotics
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what acid stabilizes the spore coat and core?
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dipicolinic acid
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what are flagella used by organisms used for?
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locomotion
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what are the 2 methods for figuring out if there is flagella present?
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the hanging drop preparation
motility medium |
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a drop of specimen is suspended from a cover slip over a slide what a concave depression in it
a. the hanging drop b. motility medium |
a. the hanging drop
the flagella aren't actually seen but you will see the organism moving about |
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this is a semi solid medium where it is inoculated with a straight wire
a. the hanging drop b. motility medium |
b. motility medium
the flagella aren't actually seen but flagella stain is the direct method which shows the presence of flagella |
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name the structure used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Flagella
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what are the different flagellar arrangements?
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monotrichous- single flagellum at one pole
Amphitrichous- single flagellum at both poles lophotrichous- tuft of flagellum at both poles peritichous- flagellum are distributed uniformly over the surface of the bacteria |
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what are endospores?
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heat resistant and dormant bacteria
coat and core w/dipicolinic acid |
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mycolic acid is a group of branched chain _______.
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hydroxylipids
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what prevents acid fast cells from staining easily with simple stains?
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mycolic acid
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heating the acid fast specimen with ___1______ and ____2_____ allows this red dye to penetrate the mycolic acid.
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carbolfushcin (primary stain)
phenol once the dye has penetrated the cell wall it cannot be easily removed even with acidified alcohol |
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once you have primarily stained the bacteria with carbolfushcin and phenol and then you apply acid alcohol which does what?
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does not effect the cabolfuchcin in the acid fast positive
decolorizes the stain from the acid-fast negative which is why we counter-stain it with methylene blue |
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the Ziehl-Neelsen method is for what type of staining?
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Acid-fast staining
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Acid-fast staining is used for diagnostic procedure for what?
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tuberculosis and leprosy
more specific (mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae) |
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what is the genus which can be stained by acid-fast
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Mycobacterium
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acid-fast stain is simple or differential
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differential
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name the primary and counter stain in acid-fast stain
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primary stain- carbolfuschin
counter stain- methylene blue |
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what is the name of decolorizer used in acid-fast staining?
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acid alcohol
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which long chain fatty acid is present in the cell wall of genus mycobacterium?
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branched chains hydroxylipids
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what are the two reasons negative stain gets its name from/
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1st the background is stained instead of the organism so the field of view looks like a photographic negative with light objects on a dark background.
2nd te stain used is an acidic dye with a negative charge that is repelled by the negative cytoplasm of the bacterial cell. |
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what are the three stains that can be used in the negative staining technique and what is added for the capsule stain?
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Nigronsin, congo red, and india ink
to stain capsules you would use all of those dyes and add crystal violet |
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when you add the india ink it turns the background dark and the cell is light. this reaction is due to what?
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particle size
not based on electrical charge |
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what is a protective coating of the bacterial cell?
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the capsule
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what does the capsule do for the bacterial?
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it helps the bacteria stick together and resist phagocytosis
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T or F after negative staining you add crystal violet to stain the capsule in the capsule staining.
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False
you can't stain the capsule only the organism. after negative staining you add crystal violet to stain the ORGANISM in the capsule staining. |
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T or F you should heat fix the slide when doing a capsule stain so it is no longer infectious.
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False
the capsules are destroyed by heat so heat fixing is not done when capsule stains are done |
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when might one choose to perform the negative stain?
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to examine the capsule of a bacteria
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can any stain be used for negative staining?
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it must be acidic with a negative charge
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what are the acidic stains used in negative staining?
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nigrosin
congo red not india ink - neutral |
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what is the neutral stain which is used in negative staining?
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india ink
not: nigrosin or congo red which are acidic |
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what is the difference between negative and capsule stain?
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negative- stains background using acidic dye
capsule- stains the organism to show the clear capsule |
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name the bacteria and diseases caused by the bacteria which posses capsule
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S. pneumonia- pneumonia, Otis media, meningitis
E.coli- UTI, Gastroenteritis, meningitis N.meningitis- meningitis K.pneumonia- pneumonia |
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what is needed in order to identify a suspected pathogen?
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biochemical characteristics of the bacterium
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what are the end products of fermentation?
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Acid and gas
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what small tubes are inverted and inserted into the nutrient broth to catch gas bubbles?
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Durham tubes
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phenol red is what color at these conditions:
yellow: orange: red: |
yellow- acidic
orange- neutral red- basic |
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carbohydrates----->fermentation----->(possible products)
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Products= acid, acid and gas, neither
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some bacterias make a enzyme which breaks down polysaccharides into smaller carbohydrates what is the enzyme called?
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amylase
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what dye is used to determine whether the organism can digest the starch in the medium
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Iodine
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what enzyme breaks down peroxide into water and oxygen?
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catalase
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why is peroxide not always a good antiseptic?
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b/c catalase can break it down
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H2O2----->____?____------> H2O + O2 (bubbles)
what completes this reaction? |
Catalase
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what enzyme breaks down long chains of DNA into nucleotides?
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DNase
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the medium used to test for DNase contains what?
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DNA and Methly green
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in the area of the agar where the DNase has broken down into nucleotides the agar turns _(color)_.
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Clear
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DNA digestion: the clear area around the bacterial growth indicates the production of what?
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DNase
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DNA--->DNase---->________
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nucleotide subunit
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DNA digestion: the color change from green to __1__ is due to a __2_ change which occurs when DNA is broken down to nucleotides
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1. clear
2. pH |
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hydrogen sulfide production:
some bacteria produce an enzyme which breaks the amino acid cysteine down into the amino acid alanine and hydrogen sulfide what is that enzyme? |
cysteine desulfurase
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cysteine desulfurase breaks cysteine down into what other amino acid?
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alanine
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hydrogen sulfide can be recognized what type of smell?
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rotten egg smell
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hydrogen sulfide production:
if iron ions are present in the medium the hydrogen sulfide reacts with the iron to produce what? |
FeS, a black precipitate
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hydrogen sulfide production:
if iron ions are present in the medium and the hydrogen sulfide reacts with the iron the solution will turn what color? |
Black
which indicates hydrogen sulfide is production |
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hydrogen sulfide production:
what is the test medium used called? |
SIM
S-sulfide I-indole M-motility |
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Cysteine--->cysteine desulfurase-->
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H2S + pyruvic acid + NH3
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H2S + FeSO4-->cysteine desulfurase-->
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FeS + H2SO4
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what enzyme breaks down tryptophan into indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia
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tryptophanase
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what product from breaking down tryptophan using tryptophanase causes a putrid smell which gives fecal part of its characteristic odor?
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Indole
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what product of tryptophan using tryptophanase can be utilized in the Kreb's cycle to produce energy for the cell.
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Pyruvic acid
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indole production:
what can be visualized by the addition of Kovac's reagent if indol is present? |
a red ring appears at the top of the tube
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indole production:
if no indole is present what can be visualized? |
the reagent sits at the top of the tube and remains an amber color (sometimes the reagent turns green)
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Tryptophan--->tryptophanase-->
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indole + pyruvic acid + NH3
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indole +__________ = red ring on the surface
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Kovac's reagent
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urea digestion: what enzyme digest urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide
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urease
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urea digestion: the ammonia produce increases ____ of the medium.
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pH
the medium contains the pH indicator phenol red |
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urea digestion: when ammonia is released from the urea what color does the solution turn?
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bright magenta (deep pink)
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urea-->__________--> NH3 + CO2
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Urease
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list reasons for studying biochemical characteristics of bacteria
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to classify organisms down to genus and species and identify pathogens
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what is the end product of carbohydrate fermentation?
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Acid, Acid and Gas, none
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what is the name of the small test tube in carbohydrate fermentation test tube?
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Durham
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what is the name of pH indicator in carbohydrate fermentation test tube?
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Phenol Red
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name the enzyme which breaks down the polysaccharide into smaller carbohydrates?
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amylase
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what are the quadrants
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1= quadrant A
2= quadrant D 3= quadrant B 4= quadrant C |
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what type of stain?
what type of bacteria might this be? |
Acid fast stain
Mycobacterium |
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what are the dyes used in this staining technique?
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carbolfuchsin and phenol
decolorizer is Acid alcohol the counterstain is methyl blue |
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what is the stain?
what are the clear spaces which aren't stained called? |
capsule stain
capsules |
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what are the dyes used in this stain
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Negative stain
-nigrosin (acidic) -congo red (acidic) -india ink (neutral) Capsule (added to negative stain) -crystal violet |
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what two genera make this kind of stain?
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Bacillus and clostridium
spore stain |
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what are the green dots? what are the rods?
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dots= endospores
rods= bacillus |
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what dyes are need for this stain?
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malachite green
safranin |
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A- monotrichous
B- lophotichous C- amphitrichous D- peritrichous |
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what is the stain and who invented it?
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Gram Stain
Hans C. Gram |
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what are the dyes used in this stain?
|
Gram stain:
Crystal violet decolorize- Alcohol-acetone counterstain- Safranin to intensify the crystal violet we add Iodine called Mordant |
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Motile or Non-motile
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Motile
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Motile or Non-motile
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Non-motile
notice it didn't stray to far from the original line of inoculation |
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what is the stain?
|
negative stain
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what are the dyes used for this stain?
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Negative stain:
Nigrosin (acidic) congo red (acidic) India ink (neutral) |
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pellicle
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sediment
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turbidity
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