Microbiology Lab Final

Front 1

three methods for genetic recombination

Back 1

Conjugation, transformation and transduction

Front 2

Conjugation

Back 2

direct passage of DNA (microbe sex)

Front 3

transformation

Back 3

the uptake of naked DNA from the environment

Front 4

Transduction

Back 4

is mediated by ciruses that inject genetic material into the cell.

Front 5

Conjugation can only occur between

Back 5

F+ to F- cells. F stands for Fertility Factor.

Once a F- recieves the DNA it becomes Hfr (High frequency recombinant) and can now act as a F+ and transfer DNA.

Front 6

In conjugation the whole chromosome (is/is not) transfered

Back 6

NOT

Front 7

How did we show bacterial conjugation in lab.

Back 7

We had Hfr cells who were sensative to streptomycin. and F- cells who required three amino acids. Then we provided a media without the three amino acids and with streptomycin (nothing should grow) unless conjugation occurs.

Front 8

Before bacterial cells are to undergo transformation (uptake of naked DNA) they must first be made ____________. 2 exceptions

Back 8

Competent;
Bacillus subtilus and Streptococci pneumonia

Front 9

How dowe makee.coli comptent?

Back 9

place cells in COLD calcium chloride followed by heat shock. this process facilitates transfer of DNA across the membrane

Front 10

In the bacterial transformation lab how did we prove that transformation occured?

Back 10

The original "competent cells" were placed in two tubes (control- no plasmid) and experimental (with plasmid). recall the plasmid was for ampicillin resistance. Now both were plated on ampicilian plates and only the experimental e.coli grew because they had transformed and incorporated the ampicilin resistant plasmid into thier own DNA.

Front 11

How did we extract a plasmid?

(many chemicals involved)

Back 11

Cell must first be lysed (lysozyme)
The membrane must be disrupted (SDS, NaOH)

Now you have the plasmid you need it to reanneal (Potassium acetate)also the plasmid reanneals in soln while the rest of the cells DNA is caught in complex with K+ (recall DNA is -ve)

Lastly it is centrifuged and the soln (plasmid) is dried over isopropyl alcohol and later ethanol and allowed to sit in a buffer.

Front 12

Restriction endonucleases

Back 12

Naturally occuring bacterial enzymes that cut up any foreign DNA in the bacterial cell (serve as immune system)

Front 13

What sequence do restriciton enzymes recognize and excise?

Back 13

pallindromic ex. AATGCCGTAA

Front 14

How are restriction enzymes named? (HIND III)

Back 14

from the organism which they were initially isolated...

Haemophillus INfluenzae strain D and it was the 3rd.

Front 15

Why isnt water used for electrophoresis? what is instead used?

Back 15

because deionized water does not conduct current and no movement will occur. A buffer.

Front 16

Electrophoresis- DNA is negatively charged thus it

Back 16

"runs to the red" positive electrode.

Front 17

in electrophoresis how does one see the movement and what does the movement quantify?

Back 17

Tracking dye is added to measure the displacement. it quantifies conformation, size and charge of the samples.

Front 18

What results do we expect with electrophoresis of singly cut or doubly cut DNA?

Back 18

The doubly cut fragments will have two marks in a single line. Also one should be much furthere than all other samples as it would be (at least 50% smaller than the rest of the samples). the singly cut should have one mark and not move to much from the negative electrode.

Front 19

How did we extract a plasmid?

(many chemicals involved)

Back 19

Cell must first be lysed (lysozyme)
The membrane must be disrupted (SDS, NaOH)

Now you have the plasmid you need it to reanneal (Potassium acetate)also the plasmid reanneals in soln while the rest of the cells DNA is caught in complex with K+ (recall DNA is -ve)

Lastly it is centrifuged and the soln (plasmid) is dried over isopropyl alcohol and later ethanol and allowed to sit in a buffer.

Front 20

restriction endonucleases

Back 20

naturally occuring bacterial enzymes that cut and destroy foreign DNA (act as immune system)

Front 21

Restriction enzymes recognize what sequences?

Back 21

palindromic (AATGCATT)

Front 22

How are restriction enzymes named? (HIND III)

Back 22

by the organism from which they were first isolated from

Haemophilus INfluenzae strain D 3rd isolated.

Front 23

in gel electrophoresis why is water not used?

Back 23

Because deionized water would not produce current and the DNA fragments would not move. Instead a buffer is used.

Front 24

In gel electrophoresis how is it that we can see the DNA fragment moving across the gel?

Back 24

We add a tracking dye (no longer use ethidium bromide)

Front 25

what does the distance the DNA traveled quantify?

Back 25

Recall DNA is negative and "runs to the red" (positive electrode)...

The distance it travels is dependent on its size, charge and conformation.

Front 26

What results did we expect in the gel electrophoresis lab where we cut DNA singly or doubly with restriction endonucleases?

Back 26

We would expect those that were cut twice (much smaller pieces) to have two different final stains in the same sequence and to have moved further than any of the singly cut fragments.

Front 27

In the gel electrophoresis lab what was the point of adding a Lambda HIND III digest?

Back 27

This is a standard fragment. the lengths are known and thus comparisons in displacement can be made relative to the known displaecments of Lambda HIND III.

Front 28

How did we analyze food in MCB Lab? was this useful?

Back 28

First we dilluted the food with water in a blender and plated extracts and counted the number of bacterial colonies. Not really useful because some of the bacteria are supposed to be there (f.e yogurt)

Front 29

In the food analysis lab how did we confirm suspicion of pathogens in different foods?

Back 29

we plated them for isolation of the suspicious organism:

E.coli---- EMB
S.aureus----- MSA
Bacillus----- heat and TSA
Clostridium---- heat + anaerobic conditions
Fungi------ Saboroud plate

Front 30

In the food analysis lab why were foods suspected of having either bacillus or clostridium species heated before being plated?

Back 30

because these are endosporing bacteria and by heating vegetative cells are killed leaving the organisms in question.

Also for CLOSTRIDIUM it was put in GASPAK where hydrogen is released and reacts with oxygen to form water and produces the anoxic conditions required for clostridium species to grow.

Front 31

in the food analysis lab why did we used Sabouroud plates?

Back 31

Sabouroud plates were used for foods expected to have fungal growth.

this is because the fungi love the carbohydrates of the plate and the acidic conditions.

Front 32

in the food analysis lab why did we swab our noses and then perform a dilution and finally plate it? (hint: plated on MSA)

Back 32

Wer were testing for Staph Aureus which is part of the normal flora but can be deadily if you are shedding it.

Front 33

Fermentation is an industrial procedure done by microbes. (Mushroom pizza)

Back 33

Dough rises because of fungi. Mushroom are fungi. the cheese is made by steptococci and lactobacillus from milk.

Front 34

What is absolutely KEY to fermentation reactions? what did we make by fermentative process?

Back 34

They are aaerobic processes (No O2)

Sauerkraut (fermented cabbage)

Front 35

What technique other than fermentation was used to produce saukraut (Where microbes were used after one another to do different steps)?

Back 35

Microbial succession. Lactobacillus and finally acid loving streptococci.

Front 36

Production of wine is a fermentative process carried out by which organism

Back 36

Sacchromyces cerevisae

Front 37

Protozoans are (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes)

Back 37

Eukaryotes

Front 38

protozoans are classified by

Back 38

motility

Front 39

Protozoans have two life cycles

Back 39

1.) Motile trophozoite
2.) non-motile cyst

Front 40

What is the problem in treating patients against protozoans?

Back 40

They are eukaryotes so standard antibiotics do not work. infact any pharmaceuticals that damage the parasitic cells may also damage eukaryotic host cells as well.

Front 41

Entamoeba histolytica

Back 41

amoebic dysentary (bloody diarrhea)

Asymptomatic carriers are the primary cause of spread

Front 42

Giardia Lamblia

Back 42

Cells coat intestinal lining and prevent nutrient uptake.

Front 43

Cryptospodidium parvum

Back 43

waterborne protozoan that usually only causes problems in immunosuppressed individuals.

Front 44

Naeglaria fowleri

Back 44

Found in lakes and moist soil

Enters through the nose and rapidly infects the brain and meninges.

Front 45

Toxoplasma gondii

Back 45

parasite from feces that can cross the placenta and causes brain damage to the fetus.

Front 46

Pneumocystis carinii

Back 46

Part of normal flora. but causes pneumonia in immunosupressed individuals.

Front 47

Babesia species

Back 47

Cause Texas cattle fever (transmitted by ticks)

Front 48

Leishmania species

Back 48

form ulcerative lesions on the skin may also attack internal organs. transfered by sand flies.

Front 49

Trypsonoma Cruzi

Back 49

causes Chagas' disease (from bug feces entering the eye. the disease is characterized by relaxing involuntary muscles such as the colon and esophagus.

Front 50

Fungal infections are called? difficulty in treating fungal infections?

Back 50

Mycoses
Fungi are eukaryotes and like protozoans antibiotics dont work and medication that does may harm the hosts cells.

Front 51

the three fungal species we learned about were:

Back 51

Amantia- death angel mushroom

Aspergillus niger- release black spores that cause bridge-painters disease.

Penicillium- gives blue cheese flavor and medication

Front 52

to truly get an accurate view of a fungus, we should view _________________. so in the fungi lab we did what slide preparation? how?

Back 52

THALLUS (whole body)

Henrici slide prep:
petri plate is lined with moist paper upon which a microscope slide is placed and a drop of Aspergillus niger is placed bounded on three sides by petroleum jelly and finally a cover slip is placed on top.

Front 53

In the standard analysis of water it is unfeasable to detect all organsisms instead what is done?

Back 53

The water is tested for indicator organisms whose presence suggests that water may be contaminated (E.coli)

Front 54

The standard analysis of water tests the water supply for colliforms by a three-test profcess...

Back 54

1.) Presumptive test
2.) Confirmed test
3.) Completed test

Front 55

In the standard analysis of water, the presumptive test is the first of the tests. what does it test for? and what do its results suggest?

Back 55

It tests for the fermentation of lactose. dilutions of water supply are made and based on the amount of gas produced from carbohydrate fermentation and the dilution facor one can estimate the # of colonies from the MPN table (Most probable number)

Front 56

The second of the three tests for the standard analysis of water is the CONFIRMED test. What is done on this test?

Back 56

On this test, we chose the tube with the largest dillution factor (but still w/ lactose fermentation) and plate it for isolation on EMB (recall e.coli will be metallic green).

Front 57

The last of the three standard analysis of water tests is the COMPLETED TEST. In this test what is done? results?

Back 57

Here a metallic green colony from the comfirmed test is used to innoculate a lactose fermentation tube and a nutrient agar tube for gram staining. this last step confirms that the organism is a gram-negative lactose fermenting rod.

Front 58

An alternative method for testing water is the memrane filtration analysis of water where

Back 58

water to be tested is passed through a membrane with holes large enough to allow water to pass but to small for bacteria to pass. the filter papers are then plated to check for bacterial growth.

Front 59

In membrane filtration analysis of water a total coliform count was obtained by using what media?

Back 59

TCC- all gram negative organisms

Media: M-endo (fuchsin and sodium sulfite) hinders gram positive species.

Front 60

in the membrane filtration analysis of water a FCC (fecal coliform count) was obtained by using what media

Back 60

M-FC agar plate. this plate contains aniline blue to inhibit gram positive and bile salts to assure any growth is a fecal organism.

Front 61

in the membrane filtration analysis of water a FSC (fecal streptococci count) was obtained by using what media

Back 61

KF agar- which contains sodium azide and inhibits growth of all genus except streptococci which will change the plate from purple to yellow.

Front 62

what is a bacteiopage?

Back 62

bacteria-eating virus (filterable particles)

Front 63

how are viruses seen?

Back 63

electron microscopy

Front 64

What makes up a virus? why are they "not alive"?

Back 64

virus is a piece of genetic material (ss/ds RNA/DNA) in a protein coat. They are not considered "live" because they cannot reproduce or function independently of a host.

Front 65

Viral life cycle (5 stages)

Back 65

A- Adsorption- attach to cell
I- infection- inject DNA/RNA
R- replication- take over processes
M- maturation- assemble its parts
R- release- lyse the host cell

Front 66

in the plaque assay technique why is soft agar used for detecting viruses?

Back 66

so nonmotile viruess can find hosts (bacerial e.coli cells)

Front 67

Why dont antibiotics work against viruses

Back 67

antibiotics for the most part attack cell walls. recall a virus is just capsid enclosed genome segment.

Front 68

Osmosis is

Back 68

the flow of water thorugh a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration.

Front 69

the enviornement is said to be hypertonic to the cell when

Back 69

there is more solute (less water) outside the cell than inside the cell. in this case water will move out of the cell and cause shrinkage of PLASMOLYSIS

Front 70

when the environment is said to hypotonic to the cell...

Back 70

there is more solute inside the cell than in the environment. in this case, water will move from the environment into the cell causing the cell to enlarge called PLASMOPTYSIS.

Front 71

when the cell and the environment have equal amounts of solute and solvent this state is referred to as

Back 71

isotonic.

Front 72

3 methods of physically controlling microbial growth

Back 72

1.) osmotic pressure
2.) heat
3.) UV light

Front 73

Why does heat kill bacteria?

Back 73

it causes permanent denaturation of proteins and enzymes.

Front 74

how does UV light kill bacteira?

Back 74

it is a form of radiation. it causes THYMINE DIMERS to the bacterial DNA. this causes frameshift mutation in the whole genome and ultimately death.

Front 75

UV light kills bacteria by producing thymine dimers throughout its genome. what are two ways this is corrected?

Back 75

1.) photoreactivation- when light of a particular wavelength stimulates enzymes to repair the dimers.
2.) excision repair- whereby restriction enzymes excise the damaged DNA and replace it with the correct sequence.

Front 76

In testing the effects of osmotic pressure on microbial growth we used e.coli and s. aureus. in what conditions did these grow that the other couldnt?

Back 76

E.coli grew in high glucose concentration.

S. aureus grew in high salt concentrations.

Front 77

In testing the effects of heat on microbial growth nothing grew at 100 degrees but 2 organisms grew at 70 what were they?

Back 77

Bacillus cereus formed some spores at 70 degrees and Aspergillus niger produced alot of spores at 70 degrees.

Front 78

substances that kill bacteria are called

Back 78

bactericidal

Front 79

substances that inhibit bacterial growth

Back 79

bacteriostatic

Front 80

Harsh strong chemicals designed for use on inanimate objects

Back 80

disinfectants

Front 81

milder chemicals used to inhibit bacterial growth without hurting the skin

Back 81

Antiseptic

Front 82

3 main ways antobiotics kill bacteria

Back 82

1.) inhibit cell wall synthesis
2.) interupt ribosomal activity
3.) destroy cell membrane

Front 83

What is a major problem now a days with using antibiotics? solution?

Back 83

Alot of strains are resistant to them.

Synergism- using a combination of antibiotics seems to be effective.

Front 84

how did we test the antibiotic effect on bacterial growth?

Back 84

Kirby-Bauer paper disc technique. On Mueller-Hinton platea lawn of bacteria is grown and papers with antibiotics diffuse into the plate causing zones of inhibition which determine its effectiveness against the bacteria.

Front 85

How is an effective dosage of antibiotics actually determined?

Back 85

By using the Minimum Inhibitory concentration technique. where dilutions are done of the antibiotic and all tubes are innoculated. the tube with no growth and the minimum amount of antibiotics= correct dossage.

Front 86

what were some of the antibiotics used in lab

Back 86

Penicillin
Chloramphenicol
Gentamycin
Vancomycin
Streptomycin
Tetracycline

Front 87

WHy might alcohols test poorly as antibiotics?

Back 87

while they do kill antibiotics they evaporate to quickly to ward off pathogens for any length of time.

Front 88

Citrate test is only used for gram negative rods of which family?

Back 88

Eneterobactericae... particularly it is to distinguish between E. aerogenes and E. coli.

Front 89

If it is plate dilution take # of colonies X plate dilution

if it does not say plate dillution then take the dilution factor x .1 (pippete) X the number of colonies

Back 89

ignore .1 ml were plated.

Front 90

Microbes that are harmless maybe even beneficial and that live on the body and will not come off regardless of showering and scrubbing

Back 90

Normal flora

Front 91

Blood agar was used to grow bacteria that were part of normal flora. what is the advantage of using this media?

Back 91

Blood agar is highly nutritious to bacteria. it grows the most fastidious bacteria.

Front 92

In the normal flora lab we used the Sabouraud plate to grow FUNGAL species. Why use this media?

Back 92

Fungi like the high sugar content and the low pH of the media.

Front 93

In the normal flora lab we used the Chocolate agar plate to grow species. Why use this media?

Back 93

Chocolate agar is media used for the most delicate bacteria for which even blood agar is to harsh (has been heated to detoxify heavy metals).

Front 94

In the normal flora lab we saw chocolate agar used for the first time. What was the organism we were selecting for with this plate?

Back 94

Neisseria species.

Front 95

In the normal flora lab we saw the chocolate agar plate for the first time and incubated it in a closed container with a candle. What was the purpose?

Back 95

Chocolate agar grows Neisseria species which thrive in microenviornments with high CO2 content and no O2 (acheived by the burning candle).

Front 96

In the normal flora lab how is the presence of Neisseria sicca on the chocolate agar plate confirmed?

Back 96

the species has the enzyme to OXIDIZE Cytochrome C. when in contact with the reagent tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine, the reagent will turn dark blue-black if cytochrome oxidase is present.

Front 97

Two organisms of ORAL FLORA that have been linked to both gum disease and heart disease (endocarditis)?

Back 97

Strep salivarius and Strep mitis

Front 98

The degree of dental caries depends on ... (what test is done?)

Back 98

the acids in the mouth... snyder test

Front 99

The snyder test is a tube containing...

Back 99

acidic medium and glucose it is innoculated with saliva and the indicator will turn yellow as the microbes ferment glucose. the quicker the fermentation the more likely the patient has dental caries. NOT TRULY ACCURATE.

Front 100

In the oral flora lab, besides the snyder test we used the TSY20B media plate (?) to isolate which bacteria?

Back 100

Strep mutans.

TSY= yeast extract
20= 20% sucrose
B= bacitracin (inhibits other strep species)

Front 101

Staph epidermidis have caused problems where doing what?

Back 101

In hospitals on plastic prosthetics and heart valve replacements. Virtually impossible to eliminate from the O.R.

Front 102

Staph saphrophiticus causes what in humans

Back 102

UTI's

Front 103

Staph aureus causes what in humans

Back 103

A list of things including:

septicimia, endocarditis, acne, food poisoning

Front 104

What are three properties of Staph aureus that make it standout as a staph species?

Back 104

1.) it can hydrolyze DNA as a nutrient source.
2.) can coagulate blood "coagulate-positive"
3.) rapid resistance to antibiotics.

Front 105

Staph saprophyticus (recall causes UTI's) its test results are exactly the same as ___________________ except that it...

Back 105

Staph epidermitis... except that unlike epidermitis it is resistant to novobiocin.

S. aureus- sensative
S. epidermidis- sensative
S. saprophyticus- resistant

Front 106

DNA agar plate was used in lab to isolate which species? why is it used?

Back 106

Staph aureus;
it can hydrolize DNA as a nutrient.

Front 107

Mueller-hinton plate was used in the lab. why was it used?

Back 107

it was used as a rich medium to grow almost any bacteria. it was actually used to determine antibiotic resistance.

Front 108

Steptococci species are broken down into how many groups.

Back 108

four

Front 109

How were strep species originally classified into groups. Now how are they classified?

Back 109

They used to be classified according to their hemolytic ability on blood agar plates. Now, they are classified by the antigens on their cell surfaces.

Front 110

Group A steptococci

- example organism
-causes
- how do we identify it?

Back 110

Strep pyogenes

strep throat, tonsilitis, scarlet fever

Group is sensative to bacitracin (recall: would not grow on TSY20B plates)

Front 111

Group B Strep species

- identified by what test?

Back 111

they produce beta hemolysis on a particular Staph aureus species.

CAMP speceis produce an arrowhead shape on blood agar and completely hemolyze over s. aureus' hemolysis.

Front 112

Group C strep

- cause
- can be identified by?

Back 112

sore throats and fever.

Sensative to synergism with the combination of (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxozole).

Front 113

Group D strep

- some are enteric organisms
- what media do we use to test for these?

Back 113

Bile esculin plates. the high salt assures only strep will grow and may or may not be able to hydrolyze esculin.

Front 114

Strep pneumoniae

-on blood agar has what hemolysis?
- identified by what stain
-identified by what test

Back 114

- alpha hemolysis (most are betta)

- Quellung
- Mouse virulence test

Front 115

Campylobacter

-causes
-morphology
- in what conditions does it thrive?

Back 115

intestinal distress

gram negative rod

low oxygen concentration, high temps

Front 116

Vibrio cholerae

-causes
-why is it so dangerous

Back 116

- massive diarrhea
-produces an exotoxin causing loss of fluids

Front 117

Borrelia burgdorferi

-causes
-treatment

Back 117

rash
pennicillin or tetracycline

Front 118

Clostridium botolinum

-causes
-dangerous because
-treatment

Back 118

gangreen and tetanus
produces exotoxin
large amounts of antitoxin

Front 119

Neisseria meningenitis
and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-causes
- morphology
-treatment

Back 119

meningitis or gonorrhea
gram negative cocci (paired)
antibiotics (silver nitrate)

Front 120

the enterotube is an example of a ________________ system. it is primarily used for organisms of the family _____________________.

Back 120

Multitest system.
Enterobactericae

Front 121

On day two of the Enterotube lab we used what reagent and why?

Back 121

Kovac's reagent for the indole test.

Front 122

Why might the enterotube not give accurate results?

Back 122

The amount of organism getting to each compartment can not be assured.

Front 123

if a patient comes to you with acne and asks you to run an enterotube on a culture from the acne. would you do it?

Back 123

NO. enterotube tests for enterobactericae species. These enteric species cause problems such as food poisoning and diahrrhea but not acne. Acne is most commonly cauased by staph species (specifically s. aureus)

Front 124

In the use of the bactercult tube lab we tested for organisms which commonly cause what?

Back 124

UTI's

Front 125

A bactercult tube consists of what?

Back 125

plastic container with media on the walls. The media has lactose, urea and phenol red indicator

Front 126

The bactercult tube results gave organisms divided into three classes. what were they?

Back 126

Group 1- fermented lactose and acidified the media (yellow)

Group 2- do both or neither (orange)

Group 3- break down urea (pink)

Front 127

Besides grouping into one of three classes, the bactercult test also had another test. what was it? results?

Back 127

A colony count.

< 25- no UTI
25-50= suspicion of UTI
> 50 = indicates infection

Front 128

2 types of immunological rxns

Back 128

1.) agglutination- where INSOLUBLE antigen complexes with antibodies

2.)Precipitin rxns- where soluble antigen and antibodies result in ppt.

Front 129

"foreign body"

Back 129

Antigen

Front 130

proteins made by the immune system whose function is to bind to and destroy antigens

Back 130

Antibodies

Front 131

Why are we "immune to reinfection"?

Back 131

because once the body has undergone an immune response memory cells "remember" the strain and upon infection, antibodies are quickly made.

Front 132

What is the ouchterlony plate and what is its purpose?

Back 132

A plate of agar with wells where antigens and antibodies are placed. The solutions diffuse through the agar and when they meet they either produce a ppt (precipitin rxns) or not. This proves whether an antibody is affective against the antigen placed in a well.

Front 133

The process of converting proteins to Ammonia is called

Back 133

Ammonfication

Front 134

The conversion of ammonia to nitrite and the subsequent conversion to nitrate is called

Back 134

Nitrification

Front 135

the conversion of nitrate to gaseous divalent nitrogen is called

Back 135

Denitrification

Front 136

Two forms of nitrogen fixation. what are they? and give a modern organism?

Back 136

1.) Symbiotically- rhizobium

2.) Non-symbiotically- azotobacter

Front 137

How does symbiotic nitrogen fixation occur?

Back 137

First microbe infects a plant and the symbiosis will producenitrogenous compounds for the plant to use.

Then a nodule is formed and the bacteria enters the plant. Now a bacteroid and is able to fix nitrogen.

Front 138

Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers

Back 138

usually live around roots but do not require roots to fix nitrogen. they contain specialized cells called heterocysts which contain enzymes for fixing nitrogen.

Front 139

in the nitrogen cycle lab we add Nessler's reagent during the second lab this is to test for the presence of... which would indicate...

Back 139

Ammonia. LIGHT (little ammonia) DARK (alot)

The amount of nitrogen fixation that went on.

Front 140

what component of air is bound by leghemoglobin?

Back 140

Oxygen in nitrogen fixating bacteroids.

Front 141

What bodily fluid should be tested with the bactercult tube?

Back 141

Urine (it is a test for UTIs)

Front 142

List four ways S. aureus is different from S. epidermitis

Back 142

1.) aureus coagulates blood
2.) it grows on DNA plate
3.) it is topographically gold
4.) MSA aureus- yellow

Front 143

what genus and species is selected for using TSY20B plate?

Back 143

S.Mutans

Front 144

Which of the following are true of Kirby bauer technique

Back 144

antibiotics on the dispensed discs are standard concentrations

antibiotics are delivered to the bacteria via diffusion

(antibiotic testing is determined on Mueller-Hinton plate)

Front 145

what 2 genetic elements are necessary for a plasmid to have in order for transformation to occur

Back 145

1.) Origin of replication
2.) selectable marker