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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Innate immunity
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Barriers-first line of defense, Recognition systems-not precise
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Adaptive immunity
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Recognition systems-not precise, antibodies and antigens
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what are the two first line of defence physical barriers
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skin and mucous membranes
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mucous membranes line what tracts
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digestive, respiratory, genitourinary
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skin is composed of what two layers
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dermis (inner fiberous connective tissue), epidermic (outer layers of epithelial cells
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true/false: Some mucous membranes have mechanisms to propel microorganisms and viruses to areas where they can be eliminated
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TRUE
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what are the antimicrobial substances found on the skin and mucous membranes
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Lysozyme, Peroxidase, Lactoferrin, Defensins
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Lysozyme
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Enzymes that degrade peptioglycan (cell wall), Found in tears, saliva, blood and phagocytes
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Peroxidase
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Breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen, Found in saliva, body tissues and phagocytes
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Lactoferrin
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Sequesters (binds) iron from microorganisms, Found in saliva, some phagocytes, blood and tissue fluids
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Defensins
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Antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane, Found on mucous membranes and in phagocytes
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how does normal microbiota protect through competitive exclusion
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Covers binding sites, Competes for nutrients, Produce toxic substances, Reduce pH
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hematopoiesis
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Blood cell formation (grow new blood cells) in bone marrow
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leukocytes
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white blood cells (wbc), important in host defense
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what are the four types of leukocytes
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Granulocytes, Dendritic cells, Mononuclear phagocytes, Lymphocytes
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Granulocytes
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Contain cytoplasmic graduals, release graduals into environment
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what are the three types of granulocytes
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Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
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Most abundant/common and important in innate response, first responder
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Basophils
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Involved in allergic reaction
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Eosinophils
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Important in expelling parasitic worms
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Mononuclear phagocytes
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Constitute collection of phagocytic cells, consume particles
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Dendritic cells
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Like a macrophage, look for things that shouldn’t be present, scout in tissues
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Lymphocytes
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function to kill and produce antibodies, B and T cells
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Lymphocyte Natural Killer
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Can recognize self, Broad killing activity, Important w/ infections
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Cell surface receptors are the “____” and “____” of the cell
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eyes and ears
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Cytokines act as the what in cell communication
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the “voice”-tell other cells that something is wrong and help is needed
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Adhesion Molecules act as the what in cell communication
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the “hands”
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ligands
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bonding molecules
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what are the numerous cytokine classes
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Chemokines, Colony stimulating factors, Interferons, Interleukins, Tumor necrosis factor
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Chemokines
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Enhance ability of cells to migrate/move to appropriate site in body (chemotaxis)
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Colony stimulating factors
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Important in multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes
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Interferons
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important in control of viral infections
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Interleukins
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"produced by leukocytes, Important in innate and adaptive immunity
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Tumor necrosis factor
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kill tumor cells, instrumental in initiation of inflammation, Also known as cachectin/cachexia
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Adhesion molecules are responsible for what
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the recruitment of phagocytes to area of injury, Epithelia cells lining blood vessels produce adhesion molecules that catch phagocytes as they pass by
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what are the two sensor systems that detect signs of tissue damage or microbial invasion
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Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD
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Toll-like receptors (TLR)
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TLR allow cells to “see” molecules signifying presence of microbes OUTSIDE the cell
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NOD
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NOD allow cells to “see” molecules signifying presence of microbes INSIDE the cell
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Process of phagocytosis
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Chemotaxis (Cells recruited to infection), Recognition/attachment (Use receptors to bind invading microbes), Engulfment (Phagocyte engulfs invader-forming phagosome), Phagosome/lysosome fusion (Phagosome binds lysosome, forming phagolysosome), Destruction and digestion (Organism killed due to lack of oxygen and decreased pH), Exocytosis (Phagocyte expels material to external environment)
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what factors initiate inflammatory response
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microbial products, microbial cell surface, tissue damage
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what are the four signs of inflammation
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"Heat, Pain, Redness, Swelling
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The inflammatory process includes
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dilation of blood vessels, leakage of fluid from vessels and migration of leukocytes and phagocytes
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diapedesis
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Leakage of phagocytes from blood vessels
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what is the cardinal sign of inflammation
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increase blood flow
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what is the purpose of inflammation
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to limit damage and restore function, can cause damage itself by releasing toxic products and enzymes from phagocytic cells
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bacterial infection is the strongest indicator of what
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fever
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fever
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important to defence mechanism, inhibits growth of pathogen by increasing temp and reducing iron in blood
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pyrogens
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fever inducing substances
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complement system
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series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to facilitate the removal and destruction of invading microbes
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