Microbiology Final Chapter 25

Front 1

antigenic shift

Back 1

major changes in the influenze A virus due to recombination of viral strains from two different host species

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Hemagglutinin

Back 2

a molecule that causes red blood cells to clump or agglutinate. Often found on the surfaces of viruses

Front 3

neuraminidase

Back 3

a glycoprotein found in the envelope of orthomyxoviruses which facilitates release of new viruses from the host cell

Front 4

parainfluenza

Back 4

a respiratory disease (croup) caused by infection with Paramyxovirus

Front 5

epidemic parotitis

Back 5

(mumps) diseased caused by infection with paramyxovirus and marked by swelling in and around the parotid salivary glands.

Front 6

respiratory syncytial virus

Back 6

RSV, an RNA virus that infects the respiratory tract. RSV is the most prevalent cause of respiratory in newborns.

Front 7

rhabdovirus

Back 7

family of bullet-shaped viruses that includes rabies

Front 8

rabies

Back 8

the only rhabdovirus that infects humans. Zoonotic disease characterized by fatal meningoencephalitis

Front 9

rubella

Back 9

commonly known as German measles. It is cause by Rubivirus, a member of the togavirus family. It infects heart, eye, brain and can get from respiratory droplets. Postnatal rubella is generally mild condition; congenital rubella poses a risk of birth defects and results when virus passes from infected mother to fetus.

Front 10

arbovirus

Back 10

arthropod-borne virus. These viruses generally cause mild-undifferentiated fevers and occasionally cause severe encephalitides and hemorrhagic fever.

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yellow fever

Back 11

best known arbovirus. it is transmitted by mosquitoes. its symptoms include fever, headache, and muscle pain that can proceed to oral hemorrhage, nosebleeds, vomiting, jaundice and liver and kidney damage.

Front 12

retroviruses

Back 12

A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a host's chromosome

Front 13

reverse transcriptase

Back 13

the enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA (transcription)

Front 14

Human immunodeficiency virus

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HIV, a retro virus that causes acquired immunodeficiendy syndrome

Front 15

AIDS

Back 15

the complex of signs and symptoms characteristics of the late phase of HIV

Front 16

hep A virus

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enterovirus spread by contaminated food responsible for short term hep.

Front 17

rhinovirus

Back 17

a picornavirus associated with the common cold. transmission is through humantohuman contact, and symptoms typically areshort-lived. Most effective control is effective hand washing and care in handling nasal secretions

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norwalk agent

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one of a group of Calciviruses, causes gastrointestinal distress and is commonly transmitted in school, camps, cruise ships and nursing homes.

Front 19

reovirus

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respiratory enteric orphan virus. virus with a double stranded RNA genome and both an inner capsid and outer capsid. not a significant human pathogen.

Front 20

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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progressive brain infections caused by prions, leading to loss of brain structure and function

Front 21

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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a spongiform encephatlopathy caused by infection of prion. this disease is marked by dementia, impaired senses and uncontrollable muscle contractions.

Front 22

antigenic drift

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the constant change of the glycoproteins through mutation; antigens gradually change their amino acid composition resulting in decreased ability of host memory cells to recognize them.

Front 23

reye's syndrome

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a rare disease that strikes the brain, liver, and kidney and is characterized by the fatty degeneration of those organs.

Front 24

bunyavirus (epidemics)

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examples of this diseases are california encephalitis, rift valley fever(african disease transmitted by sand flies), hanta virus causes korean hemorrhagic fever transmitted by rodents.

Front 25

arenavirus (epidemics)

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diseases are lassa fever, argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever and lymphocytic chroriomeningitis.

Front 26

paramyxovirus

Back 26

parainfluenze and mumps viruses (respiratory droplets)

Front 27

mobillivirus

Back 27

measles virus (respiratory droplets)

Front 28

pneumovirus

Back 28

respiratory synctial virus (respiratory droplets)

Front 29

syncytium

Back 29

multinucleate giant cell with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, a cytopathic effect that is useful in diagnosis.

Front 30

croup

Back 30

(parainfluenza) manifest as labored and noisy breathing accompanied by a hoarse cough that is most common in infants and young children.

Front 31

mumps

Back 31

lump or bump (paramyxovirus); epidemic parotitis; self limited, mildly epidemic illness associated with painful swelling at the angle of the jaw

Front 32

red measles

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red spots, measles caused by morbillivirus

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rubeola

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(red)

Front 34

koplik's spots

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unusual oral lesions; appear as a prelude to the characteristic red maculopapular exanthem that erupts on the head and then progresses to the trunk and extremities, until most of the body is covered.

Front 35

exanthem

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to bloom or flower. an eruption or rash of the skin

Front 36

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

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a most serious complication of morbillivirus, a progressive neurological degeneration of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and brain stem.

Front 37

lyssavirus

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rhabdovirus; the particles of this virus have distinct bulletlike appeance, round on one end and flat on other.

Front 38

human diploid cell vaccine

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this potent inactivated vaccine is cultured in human embryonic fibroblasts. The routine in postexposure vaccination entails intramuscular or intradermal injection on the first, third, seventh, and fourteenth days.

Front 39

coronaviruses

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are relatively large RNA viruses with distinctive, widely spaved spikes on their envelopes. these viruses are common in domesticated animals and are responsible for epidemic respiratory, enteric, and neurological disease in pigs, dogs, cats, and poultry.

Front 40

SARS

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severe acute respiratory syndrome; patient may or may not experience classical respiratory symptoms, but severe cases of the illness can result in respiratory distress and death.

Front 41

togavirus

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nonsegmented, single stranded RNA viruses with a loose envelope. there are several important members including rubivirus.

Front 42

congenital rubella

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because the rubella virus is tetratogenic, its transmission to a fetus can result in a serious complication called___

Front 43

hep C

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type of hep cause by an RNA virus called flavivirus. It is sometimes referred to as the "silent epidemic" because more than 4 million Americans are infected with the virus, but it takes many years to cause noticeable symptoms.

Front 44

dengue fever

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is caused by a flavivirus and is also carried by the Aedes mosquitoes. Although mild infection is the usual pattern, a form called dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome can be lethal. this induces in the muscles and joints. This disease is also called breakbone fever b/c of the severe pain it induces in the muscles and joints.

Front 45

syndrome

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a group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disorder, disease, or the like.

Front 46

leukopenia

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an abnormal reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood, characteristic of certain diseases

Front 47

aids-defining illnesses

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initial symptoms of AIDS may be fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, but most patients first notice this phase of infection because of one or more opportunistic infections or neoplasms.

Front 48

HAART

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highly active antiretroviral therapy; by combining two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor in a single pill, the virus is interrupted in two diff phases of its cycle..; this therapy has been shown to reduce viral load to undetectable levels and facilitate the improvement of immune function. and also reduce the incidence of viral drug resistance, b/c the virus would have to undergo at least two separate mutations simultaneously to develop resistance.

Front 49

enterovirus

Back 49

which are responsible for a broad spectrum of human neurological, enteric, and other illness; gastrointestinal tract; also cardiovirus, which infects the brain and heart in humans.

Front 50

poliomyelitis

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pis an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neumuscular paralysis. because it often affects small children, it is also called infantile paralysis. no civilization or culture has escaped the devastation of polio.( also has a naked capsid that confers chemical stability and resistance to acid, bile and detergents.)

Front 51

neurotropic

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having an affinity for the nervous system. --the virus infiltrates the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, though it can also attack spinal ganglia, cranial nerves, and motor nuclei.

Front 52

bulbar poliomyelitis

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the brain stem, medulla or even cranial nerves are affected. this situation leads to loss of control of cardiorespiratory centers, requiring mechanical respirators.

Front 53

coxsackievirus

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mild, short term, related to poliovirus; isolated in ny

Front 54

pleurodynia

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is an acute disease characterized by recurrent sharp, sudden intercostal or abdominal pain accompanied by fever and sore throat.

Front 55

caliciviruses

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are an illdefined group of enteric viruses found in humans and mammals. these viruses have cup-shaped surface depressions. ; viruses like norovirus or norwalk agent

Front 56

rotavirus

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wheel shape virus is a significant cause of diarrhea in newborn humans, calves, and piglets. because the virus are transmitted via fecally contaminated food, water, and fomites.

Front 57

scrapie

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disease in sheep and goats, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy.