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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pasteurization degrees/time
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63 degrees for 30 minutes
72 degrees for 15 seconds |
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Cellular immunology 1884
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Metchnikoff
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Killed organisms - 1886
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Salmon and Smith
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Thick cell wall
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Gram positive
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peptidoglycan (murine)
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Gram positive
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Few extracellular molecules
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Gram positive
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teichoic acids and capsules
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Gram positive
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No LPS
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Gram positive
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Thinner cell membrane
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Gram negative
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periplasmic space
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Gram negative
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outer membrane
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Gram negative
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many extra cellular molecules (LPS, endotoxins)
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Gram negative
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Fungi, algae, protozoa are
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eucaryotes (diploid)
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Bacteria have NO _____
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mitochondria or nuclear membrane
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Asexual reproduction that forms two genetically identical progeny
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Binary fission or simple transverse division
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_______ organisms (e.coli) that have short _________, which means large number of
cells can be generated in a short time. |
Enteric organisms, generation time
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________ organisms (TB, lepry) have long generation times (weeks)
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microbacteria organisms
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can have many different arrangements of itself, i.e. clusters, tetrad
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Coccus (sphear)
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not as many different arrangements as Coccus
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Bacillus
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3 sub categories of morphology
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Spiral
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curved rod (vibriocholera). Can be flagellated
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Vibrio
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rigid, thin and tightly coiled. Does not bend (borrelia = relapsing
feaver) |
Spirillum
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less tightly coiled. Bends when moved. Syphilis, trepanema palena
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Spirochete
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interconnecting linkages to the main structure of the cell
wall, NAM and NAG (peptidoglycan portion) which are repeating. |
Pentapeptide
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________crosslinks formed perpendicular to cell wall
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Pentaglycine
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helps cell be rigid, not undergo lyses, maintain shape and size
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cell wall
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Membrane proteins account for the________ of the cell
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function
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controls the diffusion of materials and substances in to and
out of the cell. |
cell membrane
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(1) Inheritable characteristics of the cell and (2) controls metabolism of the cell
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plasmids
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may carry resistant agents
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plasmids
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bacteria ribosomes are different than __________ ribosomes
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mammilian
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endospore examples (2)
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bacillus (anthrax), clostridium (botulism, gangrene)
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_______ in the spore gives protection to it.
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dipicolinic acid
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endospores have a high _______ concentration, and a low ________ concentration
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calcium, water
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Spore is resistant to _________
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drying, heat (up to a point), and chemicals
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Inclusion granule
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storage area ex. amylopectin stored in excess
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Flagella is composed of
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protein called Flagellin (H antigen)
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Function – motility or movement
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flagella
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proteanous structure composed of pilin
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pili
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Sex pilus used in _______
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conjugation
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Somatic pili used
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primarily for attachment of host surfaces) – gonorrhea
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amorphous with variable thickness outside the cell wall
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Capsules
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Function – protection against phagocytosis of leukocytes
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Capsules
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The human nose contains
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staphylococcus aureus - opportunistic pathogen
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The potential diseases that S. aureus can cause include
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tissue infections or food borne illnesses.
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S. aureus can be selected by growth on _______
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mannitol salt agar - due to mannitol fermentation and the production of acid
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other flora from the nares are inhibited by the
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high salt concentration.
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The conversion of salt agar from ______ to _______ indicates the presence of S. aureus.
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reddish to bright yellow (pH change)
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selective and differential medium
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mannitol salt agar
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medium that detect beta hemolytic activity of nutrients
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Sheep blood agar plates
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Small white colonies without hemolysis or alpha hemolytic activity is typical of __________
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normal oral streptococci or potential pathogens like S. pneumoniae
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beta hemolytic activity is typical of
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lancefield A group A streptococci
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differential medium
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sheep blood agar ( throat)
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Non selective and non-differential
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trypticase soy agar plates (skin)
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Skin flora is typical of various _______
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staphylococcal, micrococcal, or streptococcal species. ALL NONPATHOGENIC (under normal conditions).
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Elements required by bacteria cells:
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C. HOPKNS Na CaFe Mg
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energy from light and carbon from CO2
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photoautotropic
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energy from inorganic compounds, methyl compounds, or hydrogen and carbon from CO2
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heteroautotrophs
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energy from the light and carbon from organic compounds
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photoheterotrophs
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energy and carbon from organic compounds
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chemoheterotrophs
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growth properties: 6
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1. Nutrient source
2. O2 requirement 3. temp 4. pH 5. salt concentration 6. osmophillic |
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Grows in room temp - freezing
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psychrophile
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grows in room temp- extreme heat
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thermophile
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vast majority of bacteria grow in ________ ph enviornments
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neurtrophilic
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Halo tolerant
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tolerates salt
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generates ATP via membrane potential
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catabolism
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Heterotrophs and autotrophs can make the same intermediates
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TRUE
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Autotrophs can grow a lot ______
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slower
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Bacterial energy production by
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stripping of electrons and H+ off of various compounds with passage to a lower energy electron acceptor
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Must be regenerated for energy production
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NAD+ (electron carrier)
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The most favorable electron acceptor is _____
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O2
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The least favorable electron acceptor is ________
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acetate + CO2/ pyruvate
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Substrate level phosphorylation, anaerobic
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fermentation or glycolysis
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electron transport phosphorylation
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respiration (anerobic or aerobic)
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reduced intermediate of bacterial energy production
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TCA cycle
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NAD + is regenerated by the
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ETC
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If no TCA cycle,....
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you end up with a bunch of pyruvate derivatives
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Claustidium pyruvate product
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butyric acid
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Yeast pyruvate product
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ethanol
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Proteus pyruvate product
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CO2 + H2
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Propionbacterium pyruvate product
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propionic acid
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enterobacter pyruvate product
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2,3- butanediol
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sreptococcus Lactobacillus pyruvate product
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lactic acid
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acetobacterium pyruvate product
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acetic acid
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e. coli pyruvate product
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mixed acids:
CO2 + H2 Lactic acid Acetic acid |
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aerobic respiration found in
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aerobes, facultative anaerobes
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Anaerobic metabolism fermentation pathway
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glycolysis
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Anaerobic metabolism fermentation final e- acceptor
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organic molecules
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Respiration pathways
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Glycolysis, TCA, ETC
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Anaerobic respiration final electron acceptor
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NO3-, SO42-, CO33- (and various inorganic ions)
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anaerobic fermentation found in
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facultative, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes.
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Anaerobic fermentation products
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ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid
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Anaerobic respiration products
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CO2, ATP, Oragnic acids, H2S, CH4, N2
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Aerobic respiration Products
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ATP, CO2, H20
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There is asymmetric division in an _________
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endospore
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organisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide
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capnophillic
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organism that requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere
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microaerophilic
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Facultative anaerobe requires a change in __________
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pathways
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most oral bugs are ____________
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obligate fermentors - steptococci
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Aerobe enzymes
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superoxide dismutase and catalase
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aerotolerant anaerobes or obligate fermentative organism enzymes
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superoxide dismutase
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obligate anaerobe enzymes
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none
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All growth is ___________ controlled
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genetically
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bacterial DNA generally has a _________ life span
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long
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bacterial RNA generally has a _________ half life
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short
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RNA can serve as the information source in some _______
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viruses
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DNA replication is regulated by
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growth, energy
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Transcription is regulated by
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presence or absence of end product/substrates
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Translation is regulated by
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mRNA, AAs, end products
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Enzymatic synthesis is regulated by
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presence of substrates and cofactors
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Enzymatic activity is regulated
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pH, temp, substrate concentration
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Gene regulatory molecule binds to _______ to positively or negativly act on gene expression
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promoter
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lac operon
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negative regulation - normally on, binding shuts off expression
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arabinose operon
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positive regulation - normally off, binding allows for expression
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strain variation
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genetic variation occurring within the same gene
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What causes mutations?
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normal replication
radiation chemicals |
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mutations MUST effect _____
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DNA
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Effect of base changes:
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no effect - to - lethality
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Intracellular DNA donor gene transfers (2)
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gene cassette movement
transposon movement |
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programmed rearrangement moves a different gene from a cassette into the expression locus. silent locus to expression locus
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gene cassette movement
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Jumps from original site to new site to insert into genes that effect growth. MUTAGEN ACTING
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transposons
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Extracellular DNA donor (genetic exchange between cells)
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transformation, transduction, conjugation
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histone-free DNA that is passed from cell to cell during a gene transfer
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naked DNA - transformation
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bacteriophage mediated
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Transduction
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involves F factor that incodes a sex pilus to tell if other ell is F+/F-, if F-, then exchange occurs so both cells are F+
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Conjugation
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Mutations and and phenotypes are expressed ________ and are subjected to selection pressures.
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immediately
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Genetic variation characteristics:
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antibiotic resistance
increased pathogenicity development of new pathogens |
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Formation of recombinant DNA- that allows for the production of high purity ciologicals for use in medicine - uses bacterial enzymes
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Gene cloning
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Mutations can lead to
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antibiotic resistance, adherence, virulence
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superficially located microflora that is easily removed
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transient microbes
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microflora that is deep in the interstices and removed with difficulty
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resident microbes
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Mechanical action is important bc:
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1. removes oil, sloughed skin cells, dirt
2. the number of bacteria present is reduced as some of them are washed away and there fore the antiseptic has less to do. |
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antisepsis often follows the process of _________
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washing or cleaning
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Rinsing thoroughly after washing is important since some soaps or detergents inactivate some _________
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antiseptics.
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