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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 lines of deffense against microbes
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- Physical Barriers
- Nonspecific Internal defenses - immune system |
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Examples of Physical Barriers
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- Skin
Secretions – natural antibodies: Sweat – salty Oils - Mucous membranes Trap microbes (mucus) – natural antibiotics |
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Nonspecific Internal Defenses
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-- Granulocytes – WBC
Responsible for producing toxins that are deadly to invading microbes -- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polys or PMNs)Do not discriminate between the host cells and microbes. -- Microphage – WBC Eat anything that doesn’t belong in the body -- Natural Killer (NK) cell – WBC Don’t attack invader cells Attack host’s cells that have already been invaded. -- Inflammation Cells secrete toxins that cannot discriminate between host cells and microbes. Marked by a collection of puss Puss - Living and dead WBC - Living and dead bacteria - Dead tissue --Fever – natural response of the body against microbes Endogenous pyrogens – self-produced fire makers (WBC Endogenous Pyrogens –> Hypothalamus) |
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Immune System
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o Mounts a SPECIFIC attack against any microbe that invades the body
o Adaptable – able to respond to things never seen before, or things that don’t exist in the common world o Memory – able to remember microbes that have invaded in the past |
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Antigen
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tag or label on a cell
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Components of the Immune System
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- Antibodies
- Tcells - Bcells |
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Antibodies
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proteins in the fluid part of our blood (plasma)
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T-cells
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Thymus gland cells
o T cells memory cells long-lived cells o T cells helper T cells (TH) secrete chemicals that increase or decrease immune response o T cells cytotoxic T cells (TC) (killer T cell) direct cell death |
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B-cells
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Bone marrow cells
o B cells plasma cells secrete antibody o B cells memory cells long-lived cells |
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Immune Response
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• Recognition – antibody
- Variable chain – determines target - Constant chain – determines function • Attack • Memory |
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Classes of Antibodies
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IgG
IgD IgA IgE IgM |
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Ig
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= immunoglobulin
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IgG
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single Y shaped antibody (most abundant) (Lives the longest) (Transported across the Placenta – protects a developing baby)
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IgA
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dimer (2 parts) (Secretory antibody – found in secretions)
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IgM
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– Pentamer (5 parts) (Poss. Bind 10 antigens) (first antibody)
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IgE
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– Single Y shaped antibody (Allergy antibody) (attacks large parasites)
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IgD
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– Single Y shaped antibody (function – Unknown/undetermined)
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Agglutination
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– clumped together
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Types of Vaccines
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- Inactivated
- attenuated |
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Inactivated Vaccine
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(kill) receive an inactivated type of the microbe, so that the immune system can have an Idea of the infectious microbe to fight. Inactivated microbes are unable to replicate and cause disease.
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Colonization –
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the establishment of an organism in or on a host
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Infection –
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when the organism that has colonized begins to spread and multiply
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Opportunistic Pathogens -
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Able to cause disease under special circumstances
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Pathogenic / virulent –
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disease causing (not all microbes are disease causing)
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Infectious disease –
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symptoms are present
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6 steps of the Infectious Disease Process
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Encounter
Entry Spread Multiplication Damage Outcome |
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Encounter
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3 ways
i. At birth – birth canal ii. Endogenously – come from within the body (movement) iii. Exogenously – come from outside the body |
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Entry
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2 ways
i. Ingress – does not involve crossing the skin ii. Penetration – crossing the skin |
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Spread
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(Can be reversed with multiplication)
3 ways i. Chemotaxis – movement towards/from a chemical ii. Enxymes – break tissue iii. Adhesins - stick to target |
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Multiplication
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(Can be reversed with Spread)Environment factors determine how a microbe multiplies
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Damage
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Can be brought on by:
i. Microbe 1. Destroy tissue 2. Toxin that affects metabolism ii. Immune response |
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Outcome
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a. Host wins / defeats microbe
b. Microbe wins / defeats host c. Co-exist |
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Normal flora
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- Apart of human anatomy
- common cause of disease - helps to protect against outside microbes |
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Sterile areas from Normal Flora
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- Blood
- Deep tissue - Cerebrospinal fluid - Synovial fluid (joints) |
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How does Normal Flora protect against outside microbes?
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- competes with microbe invaders
- Normal flora in our digestive tract help to produces vitamins |
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HIV
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1983)
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AIDs
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (1981)
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AIDs can be inactivated by?
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soap & water
Lysol detergent bleach, etc. |
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Disease Stages of AIDs
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ARS
Latentcy ARC |
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ARS
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– Acute Retroviral Syndrome
a. (6 days – 6 weeks) b. Headache, fever, muscle aches |
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Latentcy
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– asymptomatic
a. 10-15 years or more |
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ARC
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AIDS Related Complex
a. Leads to full blown AIDS i. Weight loss, etc. |
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Common Diseases in AIDS Patients
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- Pneumocystosis – Pneumocystis carinii
- Toxoplasmosis – Toxoplasma gondii o Cats - Tuberculosis - Recurrences of latent infections o Herpes, chicken pox > shingles o Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) |
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Retrovirus
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(backwards virus)
• RNA (genetic material) DNA RNA protein o Reverse transcriptase |
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HIV spike
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= gp120
• gp = glycoprotein |
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CD4
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= receptors on a Helper T cell that HIV attaches too.
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