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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Branching GPRODs are not as common in terms of causing disease but are a higher evolutionary class of bacteria that are like _________ that show branching and filimentation.
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Fungi
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Branching GPRODs tend to _______ together and there are 4 Genus Names:
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clump
Actinomyces Streptomyces Dermatophilus Nocardia |
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Actinomyces, a GRPOD, tends to be microaerophilic to anaerobic depending on species. They are ______ found in the GI & oral cavity and are found living along roots of teeth and under gums.
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NF
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Bacteria invades previously damaged tissues or penetrates body cavities and Actinomyces then causes ____________
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Actinomycosis
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Actinomycosis is associated with what being present in the pus of infections?
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Sulfur granules which are a clump or mass of branching bacteria--presence of these are highly diagnostic of this infection.
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With a Actinomycosis infection, what will you see when you do a direct examination of the pus?
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Squashing the sulfur granules on a slide results in seeing branching, filamentous GPRODs
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Actinomyces bovis is NF in _____ and is referred to ______ when it causes infection and is acquired from a _____ from stemmy foods, grass awns....etc.
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cows
lumpy jaw wound in oral cavity |
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Actinomyces bovis pathology involves abscesses around the head and neck that can advance to involving _______, which leads to infection of the mandible and teeth that________
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bone and soft tissue
loosen and fall out |
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Actinomyces bovis is treated with surgical debridement and _____________
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long term antibiotics
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What is done to diagnosis Actinomyces bovis?
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Presence of Sulfur granules on a squash prep
Partial acid fast stain |
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Actinomyces viscosus is a NF bacteria in the oral cavity but is also a common cause of ____________ in people and is called Actinomycosis.
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periodontal disease
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Actinomycosis when associated with periodontal disease is attributed to Actinomyces viscosus is more common in dogs, especially __________ due to wounds in the ____
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hunting dogs
oral cavity |
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Pathology of Actinomyces viscosus is associated with abscesses around head and neck but not usually _____, pyothorax and a pus with sulfur granules that tends to be______
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boney involvement
of a tomato soup consistency |
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Diagnosis of Actinomyces viscosus involves presence of sulfur granules and a __________
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partial acid fast stain
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Nocardia asteroides is an aerobic, branching GPROD and is not as common as Actinomyces for causing disease and it reservoir is __________ and it causes ___________
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soil, is a soil saphrophyte (lives on dead or decaying matter
Nocardiosis |
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Nocardiosis affects__species and its pathology involves formation of fistulas and draining wounds and will cause ______ when it invades the _____
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all
thoracic cavity |
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Nocardiosis in the disseminated form involves the infection _______ diagnosed by the presence of ______
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spreading to internal organs
sulfur granules in pus and a partial acid fast stain |
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Nocardiosis has colonies that that look like __________________
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white snowballs
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Both Actinomyces and Nocardia are both difficult to grow in lab due to growing slowly over 1 - 2 weeks. But can be differentiated due to Nocardia being aerobic and Actinomyces being _____
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microaerophilic to anaerobic
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Nocardia can be differentiated from Actinomyces with a special ______ on the sulfur granules.
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stain
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The stain to differentiate Actinomyces from Nocardia is called a Partial Acid fast stain which is also known as the________
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Modified Ziehel-Neelson
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With Actinomyces, the Partial Acid test will turn __________ if it is present and with Nocardia, the test turns _______
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blue/blue green
red |
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Dermatophilus congolensis is a branching GPROD bacteria that lives on _______ and causes and infection called ________
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skin of animals
Dermatophilosis |
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Dermatophilosis is more common in large animals (cows, horses, sheep) and causes__________, with ________ in extremities of sheep as well as _________ on wool covered areas.
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Rain rot/scald/Mud fever
Strawberry foot rot Lumpy wool |
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Dermatophilosis is most common in cows, horses and sheep and is usually acquired when __________
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skin is exposed to humid conditions or moisture for extended period of time
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Pathology of Dermatophilosis involves localized dermatitis with ______
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superficial skin lesions, with formation of crusts & scabs
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Diagnosis of Dermatophilosis involves a direct exam of exudate from underside of scab where you will see___________
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segmenting filaments that look like stacked coins
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Treatment of Dermatophilosis involves ________________
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scrubbing skin with iodine, dilute bleach or Lysol
-keeping area DRY |
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Streptomyces is a branching GPROD that is a soil saphrophyte and this bacteria gives soil a _____________ and this is often a __________ bacteria.
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musty odor
non-pathogenic |
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GNRODS are a _________ group of bacteria that and it is helpful to use the family names to separate them into their 2 main groups, ________
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large
enteric and non-enteric |
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Enteric GNRODs are from the family ____________ and many in this group inhabit the intestinal tract as ______
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Enterobacteriaceae
NF that produce Vitamans, metabolize drugs, resist disease, aid digestion and breakdown bilirubin |
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Name the 9 Enteric GNRODS are:
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Escherichia
Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Yersinia Shigella Serratia Enterobacter Citrobacter |
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most encountered bacteria in micro lab and tends to be found in lower_______ and there are MANY different strains/serotypes.
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small intestine and colon
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There are 2 types of E. coli and they are:
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Opportunistic
Enteropathogenic |
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Opportunistic E coli can be _______ but cause infections of wounds and when in wrong locations such as GU tract where it causes _________, pyometra in the uterus, peritonitis and is an important cause of _____ in cows
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NF bacteria
cystitis (most common cause in humans and animals) mastitis |
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Enteropathogenic E. coli is ________ NF, has __________ and causes __________ in newborns
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not a part of
pili gastroenteritis |
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Enteropathogenic E. coli causes scours which has a high mortality rate, so a few of the ways to protect newborns are:
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Avoid stressing the newborn
Make sure birthing area is clean and free of feces New born ingests colostrum Pregnant cows can receive a bactrin |
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Calf scours has a high mortality and is associated with ___________
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E. coli K99
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Enteropathogenic E. coli is pathogenic in 2 ways:
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Invasive- tissue invaders
Enterotoxin (exotoxin released into intestines) |
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Invasive E. coli penetrate the _______, which causes hemorrhagic lesions of the GI tract and and hemorrhagic enteritis and then ________
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intestinal mucosa
Septicemia and ENDOtoxemia and possibly death. (endotoxemia is when part of cell wall of GNROD dies and releases these toxins) |
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Enterotoxin producing E.coli produces exotoxins that bind to _________, which disrupts the cell _________and causes the cell to lose water, electrolytes and bicarbonate.
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intestinal epithelial cells
membranes |
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The exotoxins from Enterotoxin producing E.coli disrupts the bicarbonate levels, which keeps the cell _______ and death from this is usually due to __________
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ph at a buffering level (basic)
dehydration and metabolic acidosis |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ______ bacteria with a characteristic colony morphology of ______________
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encapsulated
Mucoid, slimy and stringy-strings off of plate |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae causes a variety of infections in animal species and in women is 2nd to E.coli for causing______, and in dogs is known to cause _______
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UTI
UTI, pneumonia, wound infections |
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In mares, Klebsiella pneumoniae is known to cause__________, in foals it is known to cause ______ and in cattle ____________
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cervicitis and metritis (uterus infection)
pneumonia mastitis |
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Proteus mirabilis is a highly ______bacteria that ________on blood agar with a characteristic ________ morphology
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motile
swarms swarmy, stinky (ammonia like) and no isolated colonies |
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Proteus causes a variety of infections in humans and animals and the most common are___________
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UTI, otitis, wound infections and mastitis
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Salmonella has a variety of species and serotypes and infects a variety of animals--mammels, birds and reptiles. Its route of transmission is typically _______ and is __________ --so wash hands!!
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Feco-oral
zoonotic |
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Salmonella, a GNROD, causes Salmonellis and is from ingestion of contaminated ___________ and has 2 forms_________________
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food or water
Gastroenteritis & Septicemia |
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The gastroenteritis form of Salmonellis is the most common and results in _________ from the bacteria invading ___________
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diarrhea, fever
intestinal mucosa |
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The septicemia form of Salmonellis is from the bacteria entering the blood stream and is less common and happens due to the endotoxins entering the bloodstream of ___________
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compromised animals
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Sources of Salmonella for people are:
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~reptiles
~raw or undercooked meat or eggs ~dairy products ~unwashed veggies |
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Salmonella in animals causes :
Calf ____________ Horses are more susceptible, especially if compromised and can lead to ___________ Rare in _______ & ___________ |
scours
septicemia dogs and cats |
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Yersinia pestis causes ________, which tends to occur more often in the western 1/3 of the US and is also known as the ________
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the plague
Black death |
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Yersinia pestis reservoir host is ___________
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rodents, esp. prairie dogs the sentinal animal in Colorado
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Yersinia pestis is transmitted most easily to ______, while other domestic animals are relatively resistant. The vector for this disease is ________.
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humans and cats
fleas |
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Transmission of Yersinia pestis can come from bites and scratches from infected animal, inhalation handling of__________, and in cats can come from____________ and is zoonotic from cats to people
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infected animal
ingestion of infected animal |
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3 forms of Plague (Yersinia pestis) are:
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Bubonic ( most common)
Septicemic Pneumonic |
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Bubonic plague is the most common form and pathology is :
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Enlarged Lymph nodes, fever, lethargy
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Shigella is similar to Salmonella and is pathogenic for___________ but rare in dogs and cats. It causes Shigellosis which presents with ______________
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primates
hemorrhagic, watery diarrhea |
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GNRODs grow on __________ agar, which also is indicative of _________
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MacConkeys,
LF & NLF |
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LF colonies on MacConkeys turns:
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pink colonies
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NLF colonies on MacConkeys agar show:
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colorless growth
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First lab test on GNRODs is the ________ test which will divide GNRODS into ___________ & _______
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oxidase
Enteric GNRODS, (ox neg.) Non-enteric (ox positive) |
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To do a oxidase test you will need_______, and you will place 1-2 drops reagent on paper, then take bacteria from blood agar side of plate
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Oxidase reagent and filter paper
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A positive oxidase test looks ______and indicates ___________
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dark color change
non-enteric GNRODS |
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A negative oxidase test is indiacted when _______ and indicates_______
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there is no color change
enteric GNRODS |
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Enterobacteriacae are oxidase ___
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negative
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A commercial test for narrowing down the ID of enteric GNRODs is the ________
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API 20-E Enteric ID system
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Indole test uses indole media (MIO), and you stab the nedia and wait 24 hours then add Kovac's reagent and a positive test is indicated by _____ and a negative test _______
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red ring
no red ring |
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Citrate test uses citrate agar, and a positive test is indicated by ______ and a negative test by____
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growth along slant and deep blue color change
no growth, no color change |
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Urease test uses the urea agar slant and a positive test is indicated by ______, negative by _______
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hot pink ( Klebsiella is usually here)
no color change |
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Motility test is indicated as positive by ____ and negative by ___________
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cloudy throughout
cloudy along stab line at most |
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If you know you have a LF Enteric GNROD, to speed up ID and diagnosis, you would ___________
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automatically do 3 tests on diagnosis flow chart rather than waiting and doing them one by one
-indole -citrate -urease |
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Fecal cultures are done with an enrichment procedure using ______ such as ________ and these types select for and encourage the growth of enteric pathogens and inhibits ______
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selective enrichment broth
Tetrathionate broth, selenite broth normal bowel flora growth |
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Anaerobic GNRODS of the alimentary tract are__________ and are common cause of __________ in dogs and cats
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Fusobacterium, Bacteriodes, Porphyromonas
gingivitis and abscessed teeth |
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Fusobacterium and Bacteroides causes _________ in large animals.
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Foot rot
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Fusobacterium causes ________ in horses, which is an anaerobic infection of the frog of the hoof causing faoul stinky, black discoloration and is best avoided with dry conditions, clean hooves.
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thrush
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