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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genetics |
the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated |
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gene |
a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product usually a protein |
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chromosome |
structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information |
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genome |
all the genetic information in a cell |
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semi-conservative replication |
-one side of the new chromosome is a copy of the old one and one side is a new combination of DNA molecules
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Okazaki fragment |
a section of completed DNA in the discontinuous lagging strand of the replicated DNA |
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constitutive gene |
continuously make product |
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regression |
inhibition of transcripton which leads to a decrease in product |
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induction |
turning on the transcription |
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operon |
-a segment of DNA that includes the gene and all the regulatory areas associated with the gene |
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mutation |
-a change in the genetic material -may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful |
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mutagen |
agent that causes mutations |
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bacteriophage |
to transmit DNA form one cell to another |
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Pilus: |
connection that transfers F factor (plasmid) from F+ (donor) cell to F- (receiving) cell |
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plasmid |
a section of DNA sent from one cell to another in order to give the receiving cell (F-) some of the traits of the donor (F+) cell. |
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genetic recombination |
vertical and horizontal gene transfer |
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vertical gene transfer |
occurs during reproduction between generations of cells |
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horizontal gene transfer |
the transfer of genes between cells of the same generation |
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DNA structure |
double helix |
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how is bacterial DNA synthesized |
-in the 5' to 3' direction -dsDNA unzips -RNA primer attaches to each side |
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leading strand |
is synthesized continuously |
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lagging strand |
synthesized discontinuously -form Okazaki fragments -RNA promers are removed and Okanzaki fragments jointed by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase |
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transcription |
-DNA to RNA (Nucleic acid (with T) to nucleic acid (with U) -DNA unzips to expose gene -RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence -RNA nucleotides pair with DNA in the 5' to 3' direction -stops when it reaches the termination sequence |
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translation |
mRNA to protein (nucleic acid to amino acid) -mRNA is translated in codons (3 nucleotide triplets) -begins at the start codon: AUG -ends at nonsense codons: UAA, UAG, UGA |
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start codon |
AUG |
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stop codon |
UAA, UAG, UGA |
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I gene |
Codes for regulator that binds to O (operator) -lactose present: binds to regulator and removes it -lactose not present: regulator inhibits transcription |
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P(Promoter) |
site where RNA polymerase binds |
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O(Operator) |
controls movement of RNA Polymerase |
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ZYA genes |
code for enzymes to brake down lactose |
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induction |
turning on transcription |
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repression |
turning of transcription to decrease product |
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substituion |
change in one base |
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missense mutation |
result in change in amino acid |
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nonsense mutation |
results in a nonsense (stop) codon |
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frameshift mutation |
insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs that leads to the change in numnerous amino acids |
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causes of mutation |
spontaneous mutation chemical mutagen radiation x-ray or gamma ray: breaks DNA |
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how does UV radiation cause mutation |
exposure to ultraviolet light causes adjacent thymines to become cross linked forming thymine dimers |
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vertical gene transfer |
occurs during reproduction between the generations of cells |
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horizontal gene transfer |
the transfer of DNA between cells of the same generation |
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conjugation |
-bacteria form a pilus to transmit small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids to each other -connection is made between cells |
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transduction |
-uses a bacteriophage to transmit DNA from one cell to another -no connection between cells |
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advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual bacterial reproduction |
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nosocomial infection |
infections that are acquired in hospitals and other healthcare facilities |
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probiotic |
a microorganism introduced into the body for its beneficial qualities |
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archaea |
extremophile: -hyperthermophiles -pyrodictium -sulfolobus -methanogens -methanobacterium -extreme halophiles -halobacterium |
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bacteria |
-gram stain positive or negative |
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what is the first differential test to use for unknown identification |
gram staining |
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Neisseria |
-11 on human mucous membranes: 2 pathogens -N. meningitidis -N. gonorrhoeae |
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Bacillus subtilis |
soil, hay, and grass |
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bacillus cereus |
leftovers too long at room temperature |
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middle ear infection |
branhamella catarrhalis |
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conjunctivitis (pink eye) in cows |
moraxella bovis |
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nasal degeneration |
klebsiella ozaenae |
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UTI |
proteus |
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plant damage |
pseudomonas fluorescens, agrobacterium, azosirillum, rhizobium, frankia |
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milk to spoil |
micrococcus varians |
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odor in sweat |
micrococcus luteus |
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which genus is normal flora of the GI, skin |
staphylococcus epidermidis |
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causes strep throat |
streptococcus pyogenes group A |
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which genus is used in making yogurt |
lactobacillus fermenti |
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Choose three of the organisms in the “More Microbes You Might Find Interesting” section and be able to write about them and draw their picture. |
Choose three of the organisms in the “More Microbes You Might Find Interesting” section and be able to write about them and draw their picture. |
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mycology |
the study of fungi |
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yeast |
unicellular of fungi |
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thallus |
a body of fungi which consists of hyphae |
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hyphae |
branching filaments structure of fungi -made mode of vegitative growth in most fungi |
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mycelium |
a mass of branching thread like hyphae |
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penicillin |
an antibiotic or group of antibiotics |
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conidia |
a spore
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plasmogamy |
haploid donor cell nucleus + penetrates cytoplasm of haploid recipient cell - is a stage in sexual reproduction of fungi |
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karyogamy |
+ and - nuclei fuse is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells is a stage in sexual reproduction of fungi |
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trophozoite |
vegetative form of a protozoa |
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cyst |
in an animal or plant a thin walled hollow organ or cavity containing a liquid secretion: a sac vesicle or bladder |
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pseudopods |
a temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells such as phagocytes |
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Fungi |
-cell type: eukaryotic -cell wall: glucans, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan) |
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bacteria |
cell type: prokaryotic cell wall: peptidoglycan |
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saccharomyces |
yeast |
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aspergillus |
mold |
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penicillium |
mold |
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rhizopus |
mold |
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basidiomycetes |
mushroom |
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fission yeasts |
divide symmetrically |
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budding yeasts |
divide asymmeterically |
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uses for saccharomyces cerevisiae |
-non pathogenic -brewing -baking -wine making |
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fungus used to make roquefort and cambert cheese |
penicillium |
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used to ferment soybeans, make citric acid, peanut toxicity |
aspergillus |
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bread mold |
Rhizopus |
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agar |
made from red algae |
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pectin |
made from diatoms |
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gave rise to plants |
green algae |
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structure of a virus |
1. nucleic acid: DNA or RNA 2. capsid: capsomeres arre building blocks of the capsid 3. envelope: membrain around the capsid 4.spikes: invade cells, lyse |
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what is the capsid made of |
-outer protein shell of a virus -made of capsomeres |
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what is the envelope made of |
-membrane around the capsid -made of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the bilayer |
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function of spikes |
-made up of glycoprotein/protein -mature envelopes can bear spikes -help the virus attach to the surface of the host cell |
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bacteriophage |
a virus that infects and reproduces within a bacterium |
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difference between virus and viron |
first is inside the body and the second is outside the body |
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how are subspecies of a virus designated |
by number |
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what are some of the serological tests used to identify viruses |
-use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and western blot |
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lytic cycle |
-phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA -phage DNA circularizes and enters the cycle -new phage DNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled into virons -cell lyses releasing phage virons |
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lysogenic cycles |
-phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA -phage DNA circularizes and enters the cycle -phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage -lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally -occasionally the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another remombination initinating a lytic cycle |
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how does retroviris multiplication work |
* mature retrovirus leaves host cell acquiring envelope and spikes from host cell
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oncogenic virus |
a virus that causes or give rise to tumor. |
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acute infection |
are severe and last a short time |
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persistent infection |
-disease process occurs over a long period generally is fatal -example: HIV
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latent infection |
-virus remains in host cell for long periods -example: cold sores, shingles |
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amoebic dysentery |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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giardiasis |
giardia lamblia |
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african sleeping sickness |
trypanosoma brucei |
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symtoms of giardiasis |
diarrhea gas floating greasy stool stomach or abdominal cramps upset stomach or nausea dehydration |
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how is trichomonas spread |
sexually transmitted |
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how is toxoplasma spread |
cats spread it become infected by eating infected animals and parasite is passed in the cat's feces |
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intermediate in life cycle of trypanosoma |
bloodstream trypomastigotes |
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intermediate in life cycle of plasmodium |
merozoites, gametocytes |
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platyhelminthes |
flatworms |
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trematodes |
flukes |
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cestodes |
tapeworms |
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nematoda |
round worms |
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helminth carried in undercooked beef or pork |
taenia saginata ( tapeworm) |
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how are pinworms transmitted to humans? |
recal-oral transmission |
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how are roundworms transmitted to humans? |
fecal contaminated soil, food |
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how are hookworms transmitted to humans? |
juvenile penetrates skin, blood, to lungs |
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use notes and videos to understand DNA and RNA synthesis transcription and translation |
use notes and videos to understand DNA and RNA synthesis transcription and translation |
