Microbiology - Exam 3

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example of specific body defense

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1. If attacked by Staph. liberate an antistaph defense
2. If attacked by E. coli 0157:H7 liberate an anti E. coli 0157:H7 defense

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study of specific body defenses

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Immunology

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immunity from conception. part of our genetics

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natural immunity

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immunity gained after conception

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acquired immunity

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immunity gained without help of medicine

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naturally acquired

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immunity gained with help of medicine

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artificially acquired

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body recieves an antigen, and makes its own antibodies in response

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active immunity

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preformed antibodies are given to body

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passive immunity

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1. acquired without meds
2. body recieves antigen (get sick, get well)
3. long lasting, may last decades ~ entire life

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NAAI

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1. acquired without meds
2. body recieves preformed antibodies
3. Ex) from mom transplacental, breast milk, especially colostrum
4. usually just last ~ 6 months

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NAPI

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1. body recieves antigen
2. ex) vaccines - pharmacologic agents that contain modified antigens

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AAAI

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3 types of vaccines

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1. killed/ deactivated
2. attenuated/ weakened
3. toxoid

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examples of killed/ deactivated vaccine

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1. bacterial = Pertussis vaccine (whooping cough)
2. viral = Salk Polio vaccine

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adv. & disadv. of Killed/ Deactivated vaccine

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adv. - microbe can't cause disease since dead
disadv. - limited # of antigens enter the body, so less strength in immune response

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examples of Attenuated/ Weakened vaccine

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1. Sabin polio vaccine = oral polio vaccine (OPV)
2. Measles, mumps, rubella, influenza

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Adv. and Disadv. of attenuated

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adv = microbes still replicate in body, producing more intense and long lasting immune response
disadv. = sometimes can still get sick, sometimes revert to virulent form (oral polio)

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examples of toxoid vaccine

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Tetanus toxoid
Diptheria toxoid

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adv./disadv of toxoid vaccine

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adv - prevent death from poison
disadv - modified shape, not as strong as immune response
- schedule boosters

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1. through help of medicine: recieve preformed antibodies
2. preformed Ig injection

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AAPI

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1. Grow B cells in cell/tissue
2. fused with cancer cells = hybridoma

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Mononuclonal source

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- B cell enlarges, starts generating unique antibody
- B cell undergoes Clonal Selection divides to form a clone of identical cells (may see lymph nodes swell as clones formed)
- B cells when secreting called Plasma cells

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Primary Response

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- Release IgM and put IgD in membranes
- as antigen levels decrease IgM levels drop, some of the plasma cells die others become memory B cells keep producing IgG against unique Ag

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Plasma Cells

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adv/disadv of AAPI

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adv - fast quick aid
disadv - not enough for all risks, not long lasting
may see allergy if derived from animals

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small molecules that hook to body protein and create antigen

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Hapteus
ex) penicillin

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Types of Ig's

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IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

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consists of one antibody unit (monomer) most plentiful (80%) in bloodstream & lymph
- easily crosses capillary walls
- is antibody in memory (ability to quickly fight off return of same pathogen)

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IgG
(sent by mother through fetus)

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- 10-15% of circulating antibodies
- large numbers in secretions especially mucous
- also found in other secretions like milk, saliva
- is a dimer

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IgA

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- largest group of antibodies (pentamer)
- in circulation will find 5 together
- 5-10% of circulating antibodies
- important when first exposed to antigen
- released to help tie up antigens into big clump (agglutinate)
- is diagnostic

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IgM

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- tiny concentrations circulating in blood
- primarily found in cell membranes of mast cells (basophiles)

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IgE

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- found imbedded in WBC
- found B lymphocyte surfaces
- very low concentration in body fluids because imbedded in B lymphocyte cell wall

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IgD

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example of cytokine

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interleukin (IL)
(tells other WBCs what to do)
(calls monocytes into area to do phagocytosis)
Interferon (INF)
(identifies that viruses have attacked local cells - triggers other cells to prepare for viral onslaught)

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- release cytokines that trigger antibody production by B cells
- attract macrophages to area of antigen

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Th cells (helper T cells)

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can detect viral infected cells and kills them directly (since antibodies cannot reach virus inside of cell)

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Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells)

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trigger cessation of antibody production by B cells. makes production more efficient

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Ts cells (suppressor T cells)

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Nonmicrobial causes of diseases

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1. Trauma
2. Developmental
3. Metabolic
4. Noncommunicable
5. Communicable
6. Contagious

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example of trauma

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radiation burn, hot temp. burn

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example of developmental disease

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blue baby

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example of metabolic disease

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diabetes mellitus

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example of noncommunicable disease

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diabetes mellitus

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example of communicable disease

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tuberculosis

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example of contagious disease

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flu