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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA Naked Virus'
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Adenovirus
Papillomavirus - HPV |
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DNA Enveloped Virus'
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Herpesvirus - HSV-1 & HSV-2
Hepatitis B Smallpox |
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RNA Naked Virus
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Rhinovirus-common cold
Rotavirus-gastroenteritis in children Hep a and e are the twins Hepatitis A-primarily in children Norwalk Virus-gastroenteritis in adults Hepatitis E-usually infects adults |
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RNA Enveloped Virus' (require direct contact for transmission)
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Respiratory Virus'-Flu A and B, parainfluenza, RSV
Measles, Mumps and Rubella-Childhood virus', pregnancy Rabies-Fatal encphalitis Hepatitis C-High % chronic carriers HTLV-Leukemia in adults HIV-Aids |
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Hepatitis
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Is inflammation of the liver, depositing biliruben in the liver.
All Hep viruses create a yellowing of the eye and skin, Jaundice |
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Hep A
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Typical enterovirus, RNA naked virus, replicates in the intestine, mouth and throat.
Prevention-Vaccine US very rare After primary infection, virus spreads through blood reaching the liver-2ndary infection |
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Hep A
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Fecal/Oral route of transmission
Children are the most frequently affected in developing countries. Causes mild liver damage and heals in two to three wks. No Chronic infections with Hep A |
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Hep B
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DNA DBL Strand
Enveloped Virus Cycle is very unique in that it has reverse transcriptase |
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Hep B
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Transmission by direct and indirect contact
Enveloped which is more sensitive to the environment Vaccine has reduced the rates of liver cancer Some chronic will clear infection, some will develop Cirhosis, liver failure or cancer |
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Hep B
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Treatment Alpha interferon which prevents replication
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase-can use HIV drugs Inhiitors of viral DNA transcriptase- HIV drugs |
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Hep B
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Vaccine-for health professionals, rransfusions, dialysis, freqent std's and iv drug users.
Hep B Surface protein - 3 doses spaced by 2 months each |
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Hep C
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The bad guy of the heps
Single strand RNA enveloped virus Hyper-variable genome-cannot develope a vaccine as the cycle is uncertain and cannot be grown in the lab |
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Hep C
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Transmission - Blood 75%
Sexual transmission Most prevalent blood born pathogen in the US infecting 1-2% of population 75% of infected will become chronic carriers 10% develope chirrosis of the liver The increase need of liver transplants is due to hepc |
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Hep C
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Treatment - Alpha interferon infections and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Eliminate alcohol consumption There is no vaccine Blood contact-iv drug users May take 10-30 yrs for liver failure |
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Hep D
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RNA enveloped virus
D needs B to develope Transmission-blood, sexual, birth No specific treatment |
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Hep E
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RNA naked virus
Major casue of enteric transmitted Hepatitis in Asia Mostly in developing countries like Hep A Treatment-vaccine and avoid contaminated water and food with virus in the feces. |
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Virus', Viroids and Prions
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Not living agents
Much smaller than bacteria Virus' require a host |
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Capsid
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protein coat
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Nucleocapsid
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protein coat plus genetic material
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Naked Viruses
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Nucleocapsid is the virus
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Enveloped Viruses
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Nucleocapsid is covered by a lipid membrane
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Virus Lysogenic cycle
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Virus enters the cell
Integrates to the host genome and stays latent Latency is roken and the virus switches to the lytic mode. The host cell ruptures after a few cycles of replication Viral particles are released and infect new cells. |
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Virus Lytic Cycle
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Virus enters the cell, hijacks the host machinery and immediately initiates replication
The host cell ruptures after a few cycles of replication Viral particles are released and infect new cells |
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Enteric Virus
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Generally transmitted via fecal-oral route
Often cause gastoenteritis |
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Respiratory viruses
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Usually inhaled via infected respiratory droples
Generally remain localized in respiratroy tract |
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Zoonotic Viruses
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Transmitted from animal to human via animal vector
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Sexually transmitted Virus
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Can cause lesions on genitalia or cause systemic infection
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Noravirus
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Is a naked virus that lives in water and has infected cruise ships
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Acute
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Common cold
Replicate and will leave |
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Persistent
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The ones that stay with you for a very long time.
Herpes is yours to keep Longterm relationships most commonly the entire life of the host |
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Acute infections
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usually of short duration
host may develop long-lasting immunity Result in productive infections i.e. measles virus disappears after the disease ends |
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Animal Virus Replication
Acute Infections |
Attachment
Entry Targeting Uncoating Exposing nucleic acid opens capsid hijacks cell machinery Replication & Synthesis Maturation Cell lysis Spreading - within the host Shedding & Transmission |
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Persistent Infections
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yours to keep
3 diff forms latent chronic slow |
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Persistent Infections
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Attachment
Entry Targeting Uncoating - exposing nucleic acid Lytic Cycle Replication and Synthesis Maturation Viral release Spreading - within host shedding and transmission Lysogenic Cycle Latency estalished Reactivation Replication and Synthesis Maturation Viral release Spreading within host Shedding and transmission |
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Latent Infections
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Infection is followed by symptomless period, then reactivated
Infectious particles not detected until reactivation Symptoms of reactivation and initial disease may differ like Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and Chicknpox to shingles (zoster) |
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Chronic Infections
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Infectious virus can be detected at all times
Disease may be present or absent during extendd times or may develop late Best known example is Hep B and Hep C |
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Slow Infections
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Infectious agent increases count slowly over long period of time
No Significan symptoms apparent during this time Two groups of infectious agents cause slow infections - retroviruses(HIV) adn Prions |
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DL strand DNA viruses
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are responsible for mos virus-induced tumors in humans
Cancers caused by DNA viruses result from interation of virla genome into hos DNA Invade the host disrupting the gene creating a non-function gene. |
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Prions
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Proteinaceous infectious agent
linked to a number of fatal human diseases Cause brain degeneration with sponge like holes called spongiform encphalopathies sx appear years after infection |
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Prions
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First discovered in Africa
converts normal protein to a prion protein which is a sick protein killin the brain cells |
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Viroids
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are mainly a disease of coconuts
have no protein coat Viroid RNA is circular and resistent to nuclease digestion |
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Virus damage
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two sources of damage
1 Lytic cycle destroying cells 2 immune response |
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DNA enveloped virus
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Herpes HSV 1 and HSV 2
Varicella zoster CMV-cytomegalovirus Epstein Barr Herpes 8-Kaposi's sarcoma Eicosahedrical core surrounded by lipid envelope |
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Herpes HSV 1 HSV 2
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cause latent infection
acute infection-quiescent-acute infection meanin acute in the lytic cycle and latent in the lysogenic cycle |
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HSV 1
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Labialis-cold sore
Hides in the trigeminal ganglia of the base of the brain |
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HSV 2
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Hides in the sacral ganglia of the lower back
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HSV 2
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infects 10-20% of the population and is considered to be an STD
Condoms reduces 30% of infection and most show no sx |
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HSV 1
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80% of population is infected
40% will show recurrence of infection |
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HSV 1
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transmission saliva and cold sores or vesicular rash
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HSV 2
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transmission thru sexual contact
is on the rise although more prevalent in Asia. |
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Herpes virus
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mechanism of disease
lytic cycle skin-vesicular rash lysogenic cycle hides in the ganglia closest to the sore |
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HSV 1 and HSV 2
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both cause nenatal herpes
treatment - antiviral-acyclovir -Zovirax |
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Antivirals
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attack the DNA polymerase
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HSV 1
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cause corneal ulcers and encephalitis in advanced HIV patients.
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DNA enveloped virus
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Varicell-Zoster
chickenpox - primary zoster - secondary transmission repiratory droplets |
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Varicella - zoster
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vaccine of live attenuated virus
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CMV
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Most common cause of congenital abnormalities in US during the first trimester
Cycle is the same as the HSV also of the herpes family hides in the epithelial cells during lysogeny |
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CMV
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is a persistent infection
can be mistaken for the common cold congenital abnormalities during 1st trimester infection of the back of eye. will disappear in 3-5 days |
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CMV
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serious CMV infection abnormalities developed in the brain and heart
Owl eye syndrome and inclusion type -looks like an alien on the slide |
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DNA enveloped viruses
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Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Barr or aka kissing disease infects white blood cells fever, sore throat, anorexia and lethargy spontaneous recovery in 2-3 wks may take 6 mo to a year to fully recover 80% of population has had contact with mono |
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Mononucleosis or kissing disease aka Epstein Barr
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a small % will develop integration of virus into genome
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HPV-human papillomavirus
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naked virus
causes papillomas-warts genital warts are the most common sexually transmitted disease skin to skin contact and genital contact HPV 16/18 inactivate tumor suppressor genes in human cells |
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Rerovirus
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Uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
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Epidemic
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incident and area
sharp increase defined geographic area |
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Endemic
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A predicted value.
every year we have so many flu cases in a specific |
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Pandemic
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detected and documented cases in all continents
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HPV
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gardasil vaccine
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Influenza virus
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segmented genome
with 8 diff fragments 2 major molecules are the H and N molecules which identifies the virus |
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Hemagglutinin - H
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has 16 variants finds the sialic acid which we have on our cells
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Neuraminidase - N
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Has 9 variants
is for budding process of cycle transfers sialic acid to be released from cell |
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Antigenic shift
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two different virus' xchange pieces of DNA creating a new virus
1 they have to be in close proximaty 2 has to be able to infect humans 3 it has to adapt to infect human to human |
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Rhinovirus
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cause of the common cold
grows better in the trachea at 33C mildly resistant to dtergents and alkali but susceptible to acid transmission-aerosol droplets and hands |
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Rhinovirus
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Lytic cycle is in the lungs
no vaccine wash hands and vit c and zinc are helpful tx the symptoms |
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Norwalk virus
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most common form of food poisoning
oral fecal contamination lytic cycle in the intestines |
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Rotavirus
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not seen in the US
most common viral gastoenteritis in children in developing countries need proper sewage and water treatment and hand washing |
