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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration
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Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose) in which the final electron acceptor:
-organic molecule (ie pyruvic acid) -Oxygen -inorganic molecule other than oxygen (NO3, SO4) |
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How is ATP synthesized during fermentation
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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Where does fermentation occur?
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Both aerobic and anaerobic systems
Glucose -O2-> Lactic acid |
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What are the major and minor biochemical pathways for energy production
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Major: Fermentation, Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration
Minor: Glycolysis, kreb's cycle, transitional step, and ETC |
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Describe the characteristics of fermentation
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-ATP Synthesized by SLP
-Oxygen not req. -Occurs in both aerobic + anaerobic systems -Most h-atoms remain with |
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Where does most of the energy (H-atoms) remain?
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With the end products (ie lactic acid)
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What is the difference between the breakdown of glucose in fermentation vs Aerobic/Anaerobic respiration?
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Incomplete oxidation of glucose. small amounts of ATP made
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Describe the ETC of all three major biochemical pathways
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Ferm: No ETC, no OP
Aero: Complete ETC An: Incomplete ETC |
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What is the first step of fermentation? What is the reaction?
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Glycolysis
1Glucose > 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP(net) |
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What is the end-products of fermentation
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-2 Pyruvate
-End products are various types of organic acids and alcohol |
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What is the One Additional Step of fermentation?
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-Minor pathway, 2nd step
-Hydrogen's of NADH are transferred to Pyruvic acid |
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What are the various products of fermentation
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-Propionic acid
-Butyric acid -Acetaldehyde & ethanol -Lactic acid -Butanediol (Acetoin) -Mixed acids (large amounts) |
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How is propionic bacteria used in industries
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-Involved in swiss cheese production
-Propionic acid gives smell + taste -CO2 -> holes in cheese |
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Describe butyric acid fermenters
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-Clostridium species
-Butyric acid gives rancid butter its odor |
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Describe acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol fermenters
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-Acetaldehyde > Ethanol + CO2
-Formation of drinking alcohol (ethanol) -Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's/Baker's yeast) |
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What are the 2 types of lactic acid fermenters? Describe them
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Homolactic bacteria: Produce mainly lactic acid
Heterolactic bacteria: Produce lactic acid + various other products (Pyruvate > Lactic acid + ethanol + CO2 + other minor products) |
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Describe the mixed acid fermenters
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-Results in 4-acidic products + 1 neutral product
-Lactic acid, acetic acid + ethanol (neutral), succinic acid, and formic acid + H2 + CO2 |
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Which test is for testing large amounts of acids? Which test is for testing Acetoin
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Methyl Red Test (MR Test): Acid
Voges-Proskauer Test (VP Test): Acetoin |
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Name some bacteria that are a mixed acid fermenters
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-"E. coli"
-Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella |
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Describe the Butanediol (butyleneglycol) fermentation
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-Acetoin (neutral end-product)
-Pathway: includes all mixed acid fermentation pathways plus an additional reaction |
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What is the reaction of Butanediol (Butyleneglycol) fermentation
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..Pyruvate > Alpha-acetolactate >acetylmethylcarbinol (Acetoin) > Butanediol
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What are the end products of the butanediol (butyleneglycol) fermentation
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-Neutral end-products (ie. acetoin)
-Little acid produced |
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What is the pathway for aerobic respiration
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Glucose >(glycolysis) > Pyruvate >(transitional step)>Acetyl-CoA > Kreb's cycle > ETC
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What is an example of a Butanediol fermenter
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Enterobacter aerogenes
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What happens during glycolysis of respiration? How many ATPs are made?
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-Glucose is converted into 2-pyruvate
-Makes 2 ATP by SLP and 2 NADH which then makes 6 ATP by OP |
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What happens during the transitional step? How many ATPs are made?
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-2-pyruvate > 2 Acetyl-CoA
-2 CO2 released (decarboxylation) -2 NADH produced (OP) -6 ATPs made by OP |
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What is the process of the kreb's cycle
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Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetic acid > Citric acid > Kreb's Cycle > Oxaloacetic acid regenerated
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What are the various reactions that take place in the kreb's cycle?
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-Decarboxylation: Removal of CO2 (2CO2/cycle)x2 = 4CO2
-SLP: 2 ATPs -OP: 22 ATPs (2FADH + 6NADH > ETC) |
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Define Coenzymes
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NAD+ and FAD+ transport hydrogen atoms as NADH and FADH2 to ETC
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Define Cytochromes
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Proteins containing iron capable of alternating between oxidized and reduced forms
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What is the total ATP count for Aerobic respiration? How many from each step?
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Gly: 2-ATP (SLP) + 6-ATP (OP): 2NADH
Trans: 6-ATP (OP): 2NADH KC: 18-ATP (OP): 6NADH + 4-ATP (OP): 2FADH2 + 2-ATP (SLP) -Total 40-ATP, 38-ATP net |
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What is the product of glucose breakdown by aerobic respiration?
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-38ATP
-6 CO2 -6 H2O |
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What is the difference between the ETC of anaerobic vs aerobic?
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-Some cytochromes are missing
-ATP production is variable -NADH may not = 3ATP |
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What is the final electron acceptor and end products of anaerobic respiration?
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-Inorganic molecules other than oxygen (ie. NO3, SO4)
-End-product = HNO3 + H2SO4 |
