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262 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Endosymbiosis |
The more complex cell type most likely emerged when a Last Common Ancestor cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells and coexisted with them |
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First primitive eukaryotes |
Probably single celled and independent |
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Disease causing prokaryotes |
Protozoa (protists) Fungi Helminths (animal kingdom) |
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Eukaryotic Mitochondria |
Aerobic respiration Contains prokaryotic ribosomes (70 S) Circular chromosome Bacterial membranes only inhibited by drugs that only effect bacteria Were probably once prokaryotic cells |
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Flagella |
Movement Common in protozoa, many algae, and a few fungal and animal cells |
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Glycocalyx |
Sugar coat, Outermost layer Composed of polysaccharides Appears as network of fibers (very thin), slime layer (thin), or capsule (thick) Protection from phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces, reception of signals from other cells and the environment |
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Cell wall of fungi |
Rigid, provides structural support and shape Composed of chitin or cellulose Layer of mixed glycans sandwiched between glycoproteins and glycocalyx |
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Peptidoglycan |
Only in bacteria |
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Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane |
Bilayer of phospholipids, protein molecules are embedded Contains sterols that give stability Selectively permeable barrier |
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Nucleus |
Perforated with small, regularly spaced pores (viruses and ribosomes can pass through) Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope |
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Nucleolus |
Site of RNA synthesis Collection area for ribosomal subunits In nucleoplasm (fluid) |
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Chromatin |
Uncondensed DNA Made of DNA and histone proteins (HP only in eukaryotes) Genetic material of the cell |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Microscopic tunnels used in transport and storage |
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Rough ER |
Ribosomes attached to membrane surface Transport of materials from nucleus to cytoplasm and ultimately cell's exterior Proteins synthesized and held for packaging and transport |
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Smooth ER |
Closed tubular network without ribosomes Nutrient processing Storage of non protein macromolecules such as lipids |
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Golgi apparatus |
Site of protein modification and shipping Consists of Flattened disk shaped sacs called cisternae Closely associated with the ER |
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Lysosomes |
Contain a variety of enzymes involved in digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms Remove the cell debris and damaged tissue |
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Vacuoles |
Membrane bound sac Contains fluid or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored |
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Mitochondria |
Generate energy Inner membrane has cristae |
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Cristae |
tubular inner folds Hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration |
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Chloroplast |
Produce oxygen by photosynthesis Found in algae and plant cells Resemble Mitochondria but are larger, contain special pigments, and are more varied in shape |
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Ribosomes |
Associate with rough ER Carry out protein synthesis Give dotter appearance to cytoplasm, scattered freely Inside Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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Cytoskeleton |
Anchors organelles Movement and permits shape changes Moving RNA and vesicles |
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Actin filaments |
Long thin protein strands Responsible for cellular movements (contraction, crawling, pinching) Highly concentrated in cell membrane |
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Microtubules |
Long hollow tubes Maintain shape of eukaryotes without cell walls Transport substances from parts of the cell |
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Intermediate filaments |
Rope like structures Structural support to cell and organelles |
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Yeasts |
Single celled Round to oval shape Asexual reproduction Budding |
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Hyphae |
Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi |
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Dimorphic fungi |
Take either form (yeast or hyphae) depending on growth conditions |
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Fungi |
Non photosynthetic (don't carry out photosynthesis, never have chloroplasts) |
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Mycelium |
Mass of hyphae |
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Cillia |
Shorter and more numerous than flagella Only found in 1 group of protozoa and certain animal cells Movement, feeding, and filtering structures Oar like strokes |
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Pseudohypha |
Chain of yeast cells |
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Septa hyphae |
Organelles contained in 1 region |
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Nonsepta hyphae |
No organelles |
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Partial hyphae |
Partial organelles |
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Pseudohypha |
False hyphae No communication between cells |
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Mycosis |
Fungal Infection |
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Primary pathogens |
Disease causing agent Can sicken even healthy persons |
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Opportunistic pathogens |
Attack persons who are already weakened in some way |
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Pneumocystis jiroveci |
Encapsulated yeast AIDS |
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Cryptococcus neoformans |
Encapsulated fungal organism |
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Mycoses
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Fungal infections Have to be close to host, able to penetrate the host, and be able to digest/absorb nutrients Classified by degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry |
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Superficial mycoses
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localized to skin, hair, and nails (ex. yeast infection, tinea (ring worm), outer epidermis) |
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Subcutaneous mycoses
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Infection confined to the hypodermis |
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Systemic mycoses
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(ex. Cryptococcus neoformins) |
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Opportunistic mycoses
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causes infection only in the immunocompromised |
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Rhizopus
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opportunistic pathogen (infects people with diabetes mellitus) |
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Candidiasis (C. albicans ) |
most common nosocomial fungal infection |
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Aspergilosis (Aspergillus) |
opportunistic respiratory infections invades wounds, burns, cornea, and external acoustic meatus |
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Hipstoplasmosis (H. capsulatum) |
Ohio Valley fever / Darling's Disease soil fungus associated with bird/bat bacteria |
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Fungi (characteristics/effects)
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Thrive in nutritionally poor or adverse environments (high salt or sugar content) Fungal spores can become fungal infections Fungal cell walls give off substances that cause allergies Many species are pathogenic to field plants |
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Fungi Benefits
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decompose organic matter increase plant's ability to absorb nutrients engineered to make antibiotics, alcohol, vitamins, organic acids Eating |
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Heterotrophic
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Can't make their own food |
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Saprobic fungi
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obtain nutrients from dead animals/plants |
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Patristic fungi
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grow on the bodies of living animals/plants (very few require living host) |
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Filamentous fungi
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cottony, hairy, velvety fungi
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Mycelium
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(fuzzy stuff) |
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Septa
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in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles/nutrients between adjacent compartments |
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Non-septate fungi
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one, long continuous cell
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Vegetative hyphae
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responsible for visible mass of growth
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Reproductive / Fertile hyphae
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can reproduce through the outward growth of hyphae |
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Fungal spores
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responsible fore reproduction can be dispersed through the environment by air, water, and living things will germinate upon finding a favorable substrate |
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mitosis
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produces identical spores |
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conidiospores
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Type of asexual mold spore spores not encased in a sac like structure |
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sporangiospores
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Type of asexual mold spore spores are encased in cell sac (sporangium) |
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sporangiophore
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stalk of asexual mold spore |
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Sexual spore formation
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2 parent fungi create offspring with combinations of genes different from the parent |
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Protozoa
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single celled eukaryotes NO cell wall or chloroplasts can survive in extreme temp / pH free living inhabitants of water and soil some are parasites that cause infections grouped by locomotion |
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Trophozoite
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requires food and moisture to stay active |
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Cyst
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Dormant resting stage when environment becomes unfavorable resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals important in spread of disease |
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Ectoplasm
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clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection |
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Endoplasm
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houses nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles |
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Protozoan cell membrane
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regulates food, water, and secretions |
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ciliate
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amoebas
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cell shape changes constantly |
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Main limiting factor for growth (protozoa)
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mositure
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Encystment
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ectoplasm secretes a tough, thick cuticle around the cell membrane |
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Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lambila |
protozoa that from cysts readily transmitted in contaminated water/food |
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Protozoa reproduction
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sexual reproduction most common |
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Conjugation
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produces 2 diff genetic combinations |
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Matiogophora
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complex life cycle |
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Trypanosoma
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tse tse fly and revuvidid bug causes chagus disease / kissing bug (mastigophora) |
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Leishmania
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causes lesions (leshmaniasis) (mastigophora) |
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Giardia lamblia
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causes dehydration/death (mastigophora) |
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Sarcodina
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includes ameboa |
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Nagleria and Acanthamoeba |
no cure- death in 1 week Acanthameoba- contact lens infection (sarcodina) |
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Cilophora
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move using cilia "eyelashes" most are free living |
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Balantidium coli
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(Cilophora) |
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Paramecium
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(Cilophora) |
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Apicocomplexa (sporozoa)
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obligate parasites- must invade living host move w/ fluids ALL are disease causing |
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Plasmodium varivax
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causes malaria (sporozoa) |
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toxoplasma gondii (tophoplamsosis) |
Gotten from cats concern for pregnant women (sporozoa) |
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Helimenths
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eggs can't be seen by the naked eye parasitic- live in GI tract |
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Platyheminthes
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flat worm thin, often segmented body plain |
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cestode
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generally hemaphroditic (type of flatworm) |
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trematodes
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sex can be separate or hermaphroditic (type of flatworm) |
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Aschelminthes nemotodes |
round worms elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body sexes are seoreate and diff in appearance |
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Hemaphrodite
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has both male and female sex organ |
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Tapeworm
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produces a lot of fertile eggs stays in the body until you get rid of them suction and anchor themselves to intestines |
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Intermediate host definitive host (of heliminth life cycle) |
host in which the larva develops adulthood and mating occur |
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Nemotode
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intestinal- eggs ingested |
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Trematodes
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penetrates skin |
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Cestodes
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undercooked pork or fish |
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Helimnth fertilized eggs
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vulnerable to heat, cold. drying, and predators |
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Pinworm
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common infection of large intestine fecal oral route- eggs in feces picked up and transferred to others Enterobius vermicularis |
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Parasitic worms most prevalent in
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tropical areas |
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Viruses
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NOT living things can infect ANY cell Can't replicate without host (need exact fit) Hijacks DNA of host and instructs organelles of host to replicate virus Louis Pasteur discovered them (separated them rom bacteria with filter paper) has no kingdom or domain |
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Virus structure
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sometimes enzymes NO way to make proteins (ribosomes) |
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HIV
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Reverse transcriptase turns RNA into viral DNA which becomes part of our chromosome and then proteins |
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paroviruses
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20 nm |
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Mimivirus |
450 nm |
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Capsid
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composed of protein subunits (capsomeres) |
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Helical capsid
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bullet shaped |
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Isosahedral capsid |
diamond shaped |
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complex capsid
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Inject nucleic acid into cell |
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Enveloped virus |
spikes (glycoproteins) on envelope of cell takes a bit of cell membrane when released from host |
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Naked Virus or Non enveloped
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no spikes
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positive sense RNA virus
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converted to viral RNA right away |
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Negative sense RNA virus
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must be converted to + before it can be translated |
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Retrovirus |
carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA |
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Polymerase
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synthesize RNA and DNA |
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Replicase
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Copies RNA |
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Reverse transcriptase
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synthesizes DNA from RNA |
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Erythemea Infectiosum
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mostly in kids |
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Polio poliomyelitis |
goes to nervous system and causes paralysis eliminated in stool |
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Gastroenteritis
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causes diarrhea |
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small pox
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deadly lesions |
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Adsorption
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binding to receptor sites cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to adsorption/invasion by that virus |
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Host range
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Tropisms
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specific fit between virus and host ells |
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Life cycle of viruses
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2. Penetration (virus taken into cytoplasm) 3. Uncoating - virus breaks apart, nucleic acid is released 4. synthesis of virus 5. Assembly of virus 6. Release |
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DNA virus
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exits out of nuclear pores |
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RNA virus
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replicated and assembled in cytoplasm |
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Protease
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virus not infectious without it |
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Virion |
fully assembled / mature virus |
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Cytopathic effects (CPE) |
virus induced damage to host cell alters its microscopic appearance |
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Inclusion bodies
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Negri bodies- classic indicator (rabies) |
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Syncytia
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fusion of multiple cells into single large cells |
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Persistent infection
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not immediately lysed can last from a few weeks to remainder of host's life |
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Provirus
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viral DNA incorporated into DNA of host ex. HIV |
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Oncogenic virus
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transform healthy cells to cancerous cells (transformation) |
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oncovirus
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viruses capable of initiating tumors |
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Epstein Bar Virus
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Burkitt's lymphoma (lymph node cancer) |
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HPV
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genital warts |
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Hep B and C virus
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liver cancer |
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Herpesvirus 8
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Human T lymphotropic virus
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leukemia
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carcinoma
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cancer of epithelial origin |
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Sarcoma
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cancer of connective tissue origin |
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Teratogenic virus
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CMV -neuro defects, Herpes simplex virus 1/2, Rubella-measles |
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TORCH blood tests
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assess antibody production Other Rubella Chicken pox, CMV Hepatitis B, HSV |
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Bacteriophage
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complex capsid- not bilaterally symmetrical injects nucleic acid into cell gram + |
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Temperate phages
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viral DNA enters inactive prophage state inserted into bacterial chromosome lysogeny |
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lysogeny
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least deadly form of parasitism allows virus to spread without killing host host chromosome carries viral DNA |
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Virophage
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(piggy back on another virus and parasitizes it) |
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Induction
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virus in lysogenic cell activates and progresses directly into viral replication |
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Lysogenic conversion
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bacterial cell acquires a new trait from temperate phage |
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In vivo (living virus medium)
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embryonic bird tissues (chicken, duck, turkey egg)- virus injected through eggshell by making hole |
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In vitro (living virus medium)
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cell or tissue culture (sheet of live cells) |
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monolayer
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single, confluent sheet of cells that supports viral multiplication |
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Plaques Plaque forming unit (PFU) |
clear, well defines patches in cell sheet |
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Spongiform encephalopathies
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diseased spongy brain (inflammation of brain) fatal disease caused by a prion |
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Prion
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Infectious protein malformed protein wired to destroy brain tissue causes incurable diseases contains no nucleic acid Not a cell - not living |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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from contaminated beef |
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Serapie
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prion disease of sheep |
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Kuru
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possibly due to eating brains in New Ginea |
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Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
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prion disease infects human nervous sytem |
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viroids |
causes plants to be unable to absorb nutrients composed of naked strands of RNA, lacks a capsid or any coating |
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antibiotics
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prevent second infection- can not treat |
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antiviral drug
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severe side effects |
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interferon
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natural occurs in human cells bad side effects |
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Vaccines
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prevention=important because no viral infection can be 100% cured |
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Macronutrients
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principal role in cell structure + metabolism |
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Micronutrients
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present in much smaller amounts involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure |
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Sodium |
cell transport |
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Calcium
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cell wall stabilizer |
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Magnesium |
stabilizes membranes and ribosomes |
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Iron |
component of the cytochrome proteins of cell respiration |
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Inorganic nutrient |
NO carbon and hydrogen |
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Organic nutrients |
Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms products of living things |
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Heterotroph
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Mixed eater- cant produce its own food |
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autotroph
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self feeder- makes its own food |
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Phototroph
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photosynthesize |
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Chemotroph
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ex. Humans |
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chemoheterotrophs
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humans major cause of human diseases |
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Saprobes
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feed on organic detritus from dead organisms decomposers |
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Parasites
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derive nutrients from living host cells |
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pathogens
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cause damage to tissyes |
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ectoparasites |
ex. tick |
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Endoparasites |
ex. worms in intestines |
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Intracellular parasites
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leprosy bacillus |
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Obligate parasite |
unable to grow outside living host |
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Driving force of transport
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Diffusion
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high to low concentration |
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water |
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Isotonic solution
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concentration equal on both sides of cell |
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Hypotonic solution
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water flows into cell hemolysis (swelling/cell bursting due to too much fluid entering) |
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Hypertonic solution
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water flows out of cell crenation- cell loses fluid |
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Active transport
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requires energy |
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Endocytosis
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engulfing substance and creating vacuole |
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Pinocytosis
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drinking- ingestion of liquids
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exocytosis
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pushing something out of cell |
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facilitated diffusion
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no energy needed high to low conc |
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cardinal temperature
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range of temps for growth of a give microbial species |
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Maximum temp
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highest temp at which growth and metabolism can proceed before denaturing not much growth |
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minimum temp
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some growth, but not much |
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optimum temp
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promotes fastest rate of growth/metabolism |
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Psychrophiles
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storage in refrigerators incubates them rarely pathogenic |
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psychrotrophs
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like colder temps (but not as cold as psychotrophiles) grow slowly in cold (15 to 30 C) grow slowly in fridge cause food borne disease |
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mesophiles
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MAJORITY of medically significant microorganisms |
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Thermoduric organisms
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can survive short exposure to high temps normally mesophiles common contaminants of heated or pasteurized foods |
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Thermophiles
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like warm temps (above 45 C) |
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extreme thermophiles
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Like extremely warm temps (80 to 121 C) |
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Atmospheric gases that influence microbial growth
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C02 |
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aerobes/microaerophiles
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use o2 and detoxify it |
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anaerobes |
can be killed w/ contact w/ o2 |
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aerotolerant |
don't use o2 but can detoxify it |
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singlet oxygen (O)
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extremely reactive molecule damages and destroys a cell single atom of oxygen |
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superoxide ion
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O2- highly reactive |
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hydrogen peroxide
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toxic to cells used as disinfectant |
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Hydroxyl radicals
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highly reactive |
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SOD (superoxide dismutase) |
2 O2 + 2 H = H2O2 + O2 |
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Catalase
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hydrogen peroxide converted into harmless water and oxygen by this 2 H2O2 = H20 + O2 |
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Obligate aerobe
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requires O2 |
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canophiles
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grow best at higher CO2 tension than is normally present in atmosphere isolates streptococcus pneumonia, Brucella, Haemophilus influenza |
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pH
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blow 7- acidic |
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acidophiles
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thrive in acidic env |
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alaklinophiles |
thrive in alkaline conditions |
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osmophiles
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live in env w/ high solute concentration |
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halophile |
prefer high conc of salt |
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obligate halophiles |
require 9%, optimal at 25% salt |
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facultative halophiles
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do not normally reside in high salt env |
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phototrohs
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use visible light rays as energy source |
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Barophiles
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love high pressure env |
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Symbiosis
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symbionts
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members of symbiosis |
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mutualism
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symbiotic |
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commensalism
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commensal receives benefits partner not harmed or benefitted symbiotic |
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parasitism
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symbiotic |
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non symbiotic
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relationship not required for survival
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antagonism
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members of community compete some members inhibited or destroyed by others |
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antibosis
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production of inhibitory compounds (ex. antibiotics), that inhibits/destroys microbe in same habitat
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synergism
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non symbiotic cooperate to produce result otherwise neither could do alone |
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biofilm
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attached to a surface and each other |
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quorum sensing
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used by bacteria to interact w/ members of same species as well as member of other species close by |
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binary fission
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1 cell is duplicated simple |
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generation time (g time) or doubling time
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OR time it takes for cells to double in population size |
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generation
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average time is 30-60 mins most pathogens have relatively short generation times |
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chemostat
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pumps in new nutrients automatic growth chamber |
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cell population size represented by
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ex .2^1, 2^5 growth paternal exponential - can be expressed as logarithm |
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arithmetic data graph logarithm - over time graph (exponential) |
straight line |
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growth curve
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predicable pattern of bacterial population growth in a closed system |
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colony forming unit (CFU)
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one colony on plate |
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Growth curve of bacteria culture phases
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Exponential growth phase- many live cells Stationary phase- growth plateaus, same amount dying as growing, running out of nutrients, build up of waste (more vulnerable to antimicrobials and heat) Death phase- decline in # of cells, lots of cells die (come viable cells remain but are weak) |
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most contagious stages
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early + exponential phases |
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turbidity/ turbidometry
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greater turbidity= greater population size |
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direct cell count |
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Coulter counter
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electronically scans a fluid as it passes through pipette |
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Flow cyctometer
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measures cell size and differentiates between live and dead cells, size of cells, and gram + or - status
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genetic probing
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used for HIV CD4 count or accurately identifying organisms (species/strain) |
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Delta agent |
Piggy backs on Hep B virus to infect humans |
