Microbiology Exam 1 Set 2

Front 1

what are formed elements and what are the three types?

Back 1

cells and cell fragments in plasma

the three types are:
erythrocytes-carry oxygen an co2 in the blood

platelets-involved in clotting

leukocytes- involved in defending the body against invaders
2 groups of leukocytes include:
-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

Front 2

what formed element carries oxygen an co2 in the blood

Back 2

erythrocytes

Front 3

what formed element is involved in defending the body against invaders?

Back 3

leukocytes

Front 4

what formed element is involved in blood clotting?

Back 4

platelets

Front 5

what are the 2 groups of leukocytes?

Back 5

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 6

what are the three types of granulocytes?

Back 6

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Front 7

What are large granules that stain different colors based on the dye used?

Back 7

Granulocytes

Front 8

Granulocytes

what color do basophils dye?

Back 8

stain blue with the basic dyemethylene blue

Front 9

Granulocytes

What color do eosinophils dye?

Back 9

stain red/orange with the acidic dye eosin

Front 10

Granulocytes:

what color do neutorphils dye?

Back 10

stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes

Front 11

what two granulocytes can phagocytize pathogens?

Back 11

Neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 12

what type of cells have cytoplasm that appears uniform under a light microscope?

Back 12

agranulocytes

Front 13

what granulocyte stains red/orange with the acidic dye eosin?

Back 13

Eosinophils

Front 14

what granulocyte stains blue with the basic dyemethylene blue?

Back 14

basophils

Front 15

what granulocytes stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes?

Back 15

neutrophils

Front 16

what two granulocytes are capable of diapedesis (WBC squeeze out of capillaries and enter open area and follow infection outside capillaries and blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

Back 16

eosinophils and neutrophils

Front 17

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

Back 17

lymphocytes-most involve in specific immunity

and

monocytes-leave the blood and mature into macrophages

Front 18

___ are phagocytic cells of the second line of defense

Back 18

macrophages

Front 19

what cell do macrophages come from?

Back 19

monocytes

Front 20

monocytes are granulocytes or agranulocytes?

Back 20

agranulocytes , along with lymphocytes

Front 21

wandering macrophages leave the blood via ___ and phagocytize throughout the body

Back 21

diapedesis

Front 22

___ do not move throughout the body and often phagocytize within a specific organ

Back 22

fixed macrophage

-include langerhans cells (epidermis) , alveolar macrophages (lungs), microglia (central nervous system), kupffer cells (liver)

Front 23

all macrophages, plus monocytes attached to endothelial cells constitute the ____

Back 23

mononuclear phagocytic system (MNP)

Front 24

___ are fixed macrophages in the central nervous system

Back 24

microglia

Front 25

___ are fixed macrophages in the liver

Back 25

kupffer cells

Front 26

___ are fixed macrophages in the epidermis

Back 26

langerhans cells

Front 27

___ are fixed macrophages in the lungs

Back 27

alveolar macrophages

Front 28

Lab analysis for leukocytes:

____ test can signal signs of disease

Back 28

differential white blood cell count test

Front 29

lab analysis of leukocytes:

increased___ can indicate allergies or parasitic worm infections

Back 29

eosinophils (granulocyte produced by leukocytes which is a formed element found in plasma)

Front 30

lab analysis of leukocytes:

bacterial diseases often show increase in ___ and ____

Back 30

leukocytes and (agranulated) and neutrophils (granulated and stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes)

Front 31

lab analysis of leukocytes:

viral infections show increased levels of ____

Back 31

lymphocytes

( a agranulocyte that is involved in sepecific immunity- T and B cells (third line of defense))

Front 32

phagocytosis
extracellular killing by leukocytes
nonspecific chemical defense
inflammation
fever

all of these are components of ___line of defense

Back 32

second

Front 33

cells capable of engulfing other cells are called ___

Back 33

phagocytes

Front 34

Opsonins such as ___ and ___ provide a signal to the phagocyte

Back 34

complement and antibody

Front 35

what are the components of the second line of defense?

Back 35

phagocytosis
extracellular killing by leukocytes
nonspecific chemical defense
inflammation
fever

Front 36

What three types of cells are considered phagocytes

Back 36

neutrophils- major circulating phagocytic cell (major against extracellular bacteria)


monocytes-circulating


macrophages- localized in lungs, liver, skin, CNS,

Front 37

what is the major circulating phagocytic cells, major against extracellular bacteria?

Back 37

neutrophils

Front 38

what are the two oxidizing agents made by lysosomes?

Back 38

superoxide and peroxide

Front 39

what are the 4 lysosomal enzymes?

Back 39

lysozyme, lipase, proteases, nucleases

Front 40

phagocytic failure:

compounds produced by bacteria that inhibit phagocytic killing:

___neutralize peroxide

Back 40

carotenoids

Front 41

phagocytic failure:

compounds produced by bacteria that inhibit phagocytic killing:

___ prevent phagocytosis- major hurdle for phagocytosis and major vivulence factor

Back 41

capsule

Front 42

phagocytic failure:

compounds produced by bacteria that inhibit phagocytic killing:

___ kill WBC

Back 42

leukociidins

Front 43

Extracellular killing by leukocytes:

what are the two cells that kill extra-cellularly?
___

Back 43

eosinophils and natural killer lymphocytes (NK cells)

Front 44

Extracellular killing by leukocytes:

______ mainly attack parasitic helminthes (worm) by attaching to their surface

surface toxins that weaken or kill helminthes

Back 44

eosinophils

Front 45

Extracellular killing by leukocytes:

___ secrete toxins onto surfac of virally infected cells and tumors

Back 45

Natural killer lymphocytes

Front 46

Nonspecific chemical Defenses:

___
-some attack pathogens directly
-some enhance other features of nonspecific resistance
-include various chemicals:
lysozymes
complement
interferon
defensins

Back 46

augment phagocytosis

Front 47

___ are serum proteins that destoy extracellular bacteria and viruses

Back 47

complement

Front 48

what are the 2 ways complement can be activated?

Back 48

classic pathway and alternate pathway

Front 49

complement complements the action of ___

Back 49

antibodies

Front 50

Extracellular killing by leukocytes:

___differentiate normal blody cells because they have membrane proteins similar to the NK cells

Back 50

Natural killer lymphocytes

Front 51

nonspecific chemical defenses:

include various chemicals:
lysozymes
complement
interferon
defensins

Back 51

augment phagocytosis

Front 52

components of complement system:

around___ serum proteins , C1-C9

Back 52

20

Front 53

components of complement system:

__- __=membrane attack complex (MAC) lyses bacteria and viruses

Back 53

C1-C9

it is also made up of 20 serum proteins

Front 54

components of complement system:

___ aids phagocytosis (opsonization)

Back 54

C3b

Front 55

components of complement system:

___ attracts phagocytes

Back 55

C5a

Front 56

review:

phagocytic failure:

what neutralizes peroxide?

Back 56

carotenoids

Front 57

in this pathway, various complement proteins act nonspecifically to "complement" the action of antibodies. What pathway is this?

Back 57

The Classical pathway

Front 58

what pathway does not require antibody and acts immediately

Back 58

alternative pathway of the complement system

Front 59

components of complement system

what attracts phagocytes?

Back 59

C5a

Front 60

___are proteins molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections

-particularly effective against virus with RNA genomes

Back 60

interferons

Front 61

components of complement system

What aids in phagocytosis (opsonization)

Back 61

C3b

Front 62

what complement pathway directly recognizes LPS and other components?

Back 62

alternate pathway

Front 63

the alternative pathway is less efficient than the classical pathway

t/f

Back 63

true

Front 64

which complement pathway is useful in the early stages of infection before antibodies have been made?

Back 64

alternate (properdin) pathway

Front 65

t/f
the classical pathway activates the terminal complement components which destroys bacteria by creating holes in the bacterial membrane ----> membrane attack complex

Back 65

false -the alternative (properdin)pathway