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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
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First to observe microorganisms (animalcules)
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Louis Pasteur
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Father of Microbiology; Pasteurization / Fermentation, Spontaneous Generation, vaccinated with attenuated (avirulent) organism
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Robert Koch
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proved that microorganisms cause disease (Germ Theory of Disease)
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Koch's Postulates
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1. A specific organism can always be associated with disease.
2. The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. The organism will cause disease when injected into a susceptible host 4. It is possible to recover the organism from an injected host |
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Joseph Lister
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aseptic technique
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Edward Jenner
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developed vaccine against smallpox
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Paul Ehrlich
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Salversan to treat syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
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Sulfa Drugs
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any sulfur-containing drug molecule (antibacterial sulfonamides). many people are allergic to these!
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Alexander Fleming
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discovered penicillin
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Why identify microorganisms?
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- Medical (curing disease)
- Industrial (wine, champagne, etc.) |
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Bright-field Compound Light Microscope
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dark specimen / object seen against a light source (used typically in clinical lab)
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Dark-field Compound light Microscope
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Observe some bacteria that are live (some bacteria are damaged thru staining)
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Flourescent Compound Light Microscopes
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Similar to bright field, except the light source is UV. Specimen MUST be reacted with dye before being observed
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Total magnification
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Ocular lens (eyepiece - 10x) x Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)
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Electron microscope
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Used to visualize viruses. NOT a compound microscope - 100,000x - 400,000x magnification
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In E.Coli O157:H7, what does the O stand for? What does the H stand for?
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The O refers to the somatic antigen number (serotype) and the H stands for the flagella antigen. The O also means "onre Hauch" (without breath)
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Simple stain
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Good for observing morphology. All bacterial cells are stained the same color.
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Differential stain
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Used to examine morphological features. Involves exposing cells to more than one stain
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Gram negative cells
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thin cell wall that is red or pink in appearance; many G- bacteria are pathogenic due to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) / endotoxin layer present in their cell walls.
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Grame positive cells
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thick cell wall, purple/violet in appearance.
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Gram stain
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1. Heat fix specimen
2. Add Crystal Violet 3. Add Iodine (mordant) 4. Alcohol 5. Safranin (counterstain) |
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Acid-fast stain
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Used to detect microorganisms with a WAXY substance in the cell wall (stains red). Useful for detecting Mycobacterium
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Negative Stain
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used to determine presence of a capsule
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Prokaryote
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bacterial cell / archaea. Prenuclear (no membrane / internal membrane), simplest type of cell (70S ribosomes)
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Eukaryote
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protozoa, fungi, plants, etc. True nucleus, internal membranes & organelles. (80S ribosomes)
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Flagella
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hair-like appendages that help bacteria move (requires ATP for movement). Not all bacteria have this.
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Fimbriae
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used for attachment. *w/o fimbriae, they cannot attach and cause disease*
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Pili
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structure used in exchange of genetic material. *bacterial can obtain antibiotic resistance this way!*
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Glycocalyx (2 layers)
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1. slime layer - difuse. external to bacteria, can be used for attachment / to trap nutrients
2. capsule - distinct. used for adherence and protection from phagocytosis. improves protection & increases virulence. |
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Cell wall
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Peptigoglycan layers - unique to prokaryotes, NOT in eukaryotes
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Diffusion
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spontaneous movement of particles; requires no energy
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Active transport
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requires energy (ATP)
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Cytoplasm
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matrix of the cell. all chemical reactions take place here
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Nuclear area
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no nuclear membrane; contains DNA in a single circular chromosome
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Plasmid
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extra pieces of DNA. Codes for resistance factors (to antibiotics; acquired through mutation) & virulence factors
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Ribosomes
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site of new protein synthesis. 70S in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes
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Inclusion bodies
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accumulation of nutrients, generally proteins
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Endospores
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allow bacteria to survive unfavorable environments. Protects the cell from drying out. Not all bacteria form spores. *most resistant structure known!*
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Cell wall in eukaryotes
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Chitin in fungi, Cellulose in plants
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Nucleus
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location of genetic material (DNA). 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). DNA is enclosed within a nuclear envelope
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Series of membranes throughout the cell. Sites for protein synthesis. Often dotted with ribosomes
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Golgi complex
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series of stacked membranes assoc. with the ER. the "FedEX/UPS" of the cell (package macromolecules such as lipds & proteins that are synthesized by the cell)
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Mitochondria
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powerhouse of the cell. Organelle where animal cells manufacture energy in the form of ATP. *NOT IN PROKARYOTES, BUT THEY UTILIZE ATP*
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Lysosomes
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stomach of the cell (digests thins)
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Transverse Binary Fission
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bacterial reproduction by division into 2 identical daughter cells
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Biofilms
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bacteria that grow in "communities (ex. dental plaque)
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Generation Time
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the period it takes for an individual bacterial cell to divide
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lag phase
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(1)(A) bacteria are getting used to their environment
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log phase
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(2)(B) exponential growth phase
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stationary phase
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(3)(C) exhausted nutrients; bacteria produce a lot of waste (acid)
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death phase
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(4)(D) logarithmic decline phase; environment is shot
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Physical requirements for microbial growth
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temperature, pH (most grow best at or near a NEUTRAL pH of 7.0), osmotic pressure
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Chemical requirements for microbial growth
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carbon, oxygen, salts and trace elements
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Mesophiles
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"moderate-temperature loving microbes" - includes medically-important bacteria (20-40C --> 98.6F body temp)
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Psychrophiles
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(archaea) "cold-loving microbes"; grow best at 20C or less
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Thermophiles
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(archaea) "heat-loving microbes"; grow best at 40 and 70C
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Osmotic pressure
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related to environmental salt (or other solute) concentrations, usually referring to high concentrations. high salt = high osmotic pressure [bacteria hate this]
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Chemoheterotrophic
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bacteria that obtain carbon from the breakdown of organic compounds. medically-important bacteria tend to be chemoheterotrophic
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Chemoautotrophic
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bacteria that obtain carbon from CO2 or HCO3 (bicarbonate) - inorganic compounds
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Obligate aerobes
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can only grow in the presence of oxygen
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Obligate anaerobes
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killed in the presence of oxygen
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Facultative anaerobes
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can grow in EITHER aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but PREFER anaerobic conditions
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Microaerophilic
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grow best in small amounts of oxygen
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
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can tolerate oxygen but grow poorly in it; cannot utilize oxygen for growth
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Liquid media
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liquid-containing nutrients required for bacterial growth
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Complex media
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type of liquid media; contains all possible nutrients that allow bacteria to grow (very complex) *junk media*
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Defined media
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type of liquid media; sterile water + some nutrients (you know exactly what's in it)
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Solid media
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agar media on petri plate
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Selective media
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helps select for the growth of a particular bacteria while SUPPRESSING the growth of other bacteria
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Differential media
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media with added substances to enable easier identification of bacterial species that are growing on the same petri dish
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MacConkey agar
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solid, selective (for G- bacteria) AND differential (lactose fermenters)
Lac+ - lowers pH below 6.8, red/pink colonies Lac- - raises pH, colorless colonies |
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Blood agar
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Enriched, differential media to detect hemolysis
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Metabolism
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the sum of all the chemical rxns that take place within a cell
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Catabolic
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BREAKDOWN of complex organic compounds ending with simple compounds. Releases E.
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Anabolic
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FORMS complex compounds from simple compounds. Requires input of E.
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Activation Site
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the site on the enzyme where the substrate binds. competitive inhibitors can also bind at this site.
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Cofactor (coenzyme)
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non-protein component of an enzyme - small compounds such as vitamins or trace elements
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Competitive inhibitors
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molecules that compete with the substrate molecules for the active site on the enzyme
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Noncompetitive inhibitors
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molecules that compete for a site other than the substrate binding site of the enzyme - when the allosteric site is filled, the active site changes shape, making it nonfunctional
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NADH
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reduced form of NAD+; necessary for E production. Stores electrons that can later be used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain (in mitochondria). able to donate electrons to REDUCE compounds during anabolic processes
NAD+ + 2e + H+ ---> NADH (reduced) |
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Fermentation
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anaerobic process by which bacteria produce E in the ABSENCE of oxygen (alcohol production). final e- receptors are organic compounds
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Respiration
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aerobic process where nutrients are oxidized. final e- (O2) receptors are inorganic compounds
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Glycolysis
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the oxidation of glc. to pyruvic acid. used in respiration and fermentation. pyruvic acid is then broken down into other compounds.
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TCA Cycle
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breakdown of pyruvic acid into CO2 and H2O. Generates *1* ATP, *4* NADH and *1* FADH per turn. each NADH = 3 ATP in the e- transport chain. each FADH = 2 ATP in the e- transport chain. as a result = 38 ATP!
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ATP
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ATP is used to store E. Microorganisms use stored E for heat production, motility, transport of nutrients to cell, and anabolic rxns such as synthesis of macromolecules
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Taxonomy
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classification of living things
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3 domains
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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King Philip Came Over From Germany Saturday
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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