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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sterilization
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Destroy ALL microbial forms
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Commercial sterilization
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Purpose of removing MOST pathogenic microbes
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Antisepsis
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use on skin to destroy MOST harmful microbes. Kills vegetative microbes, can be used as a disinfectant
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Disinfection
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Destroy MOST microbes on inanimate objects
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Degerming
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Localized, isolated antisepsis with antiseptic (alcohol pad before vaccine)
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Sanitation
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Chemical rinse post-wash of silverware, public setting
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Pasteurization
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heating to kill majority of microbes--for liquid consumption.
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'cidal
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killing, in theory
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'static
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growth inhibited (mainly antibiotics)
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What affects the efficacy rate of a microbial control method?
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Site to be treated
Susceptibility and format of microorganism Environmental conditions Time Load |
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Efficacy rate:
Site to Be Treated |
Porous?
How will agent affect surface? |
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Efficacy Rate:
Susceptibility and format of microorganism |
Vegetative?
Endospore? Enveloped/nonenveloped virus? (Nonenveloped = harder to treat) |
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Efficacy rate:
Environmental conditions |
Tris buffer: temp impacts pH
temp pH |
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Efficacy rate:
Time |
Not instant
Amount of time antimicrobe is left on micobes before wiping clean |
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Efficacy Rate:
Load |
More antimicrobial stuff is better
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Efficacy rate:
Site to Be Treated |
Porous?
How will agent affect surface? |
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Efficacy Rate:
Susceptibility and format of microorganism |
Vegetative?
Endospore? Enveloped/nonenveloped virus? (Nonenveloped = harder to treat) |
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Efficacy rate:
Environmental conditions |
Tris buffer: temp impacts pH
temp pH |
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Efficacy rate:
Time |
Not instant
Amount of time antimicrobe is left on micobes before wiping clean |
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Efficacy Rate:
Load |
More antimicrobial stuff is better
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How physical and chemical agents affect their cellular targets:
Cell wall |
Peptidogllycan
- Prevent synthesis, break down cell wall |
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How physical and chemical agents affect their cellular targets:
Cell Membrane |
Interrupt lipid bilayer, bulky with hydrophobic
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How physical and chemical agents affect their cellular targets:
RNA & DNA |
UV mutagenizes
Analogs incorporates something that looks right but isn't |
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How physical and chemical agents affect their cellular targets:
Proteins |
Heat: denatures
Chemical: unfolds Block their synthesis |
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Physical Agents
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Dry heat sterilization
Moist heat sterilization |
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Dry heat sterilization: incineration
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Flame - aseptic technique
Bunsen Burners & incinerators Hospital Waste |
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Dry heat sterlization:
Dry autoclave & dry ovens |
Empty bottles and pipettes
Dry: sterilize before use (pipet tips) Wet: waste Dry oven: sterilize things that would not do well in moist/get ruined (ex: fly tubes or OF glucose tubes) |
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Moist heat sterilization: More effective because...
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Shorter period and lower temperature and wetness
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Moist heat sterilization:
Steam sterilization under pressure |
Autoclave media (121C, 15 psi/inch2)
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Moist heat sterilization:
Boiling water, pasteurization |
disinfection
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Moist heat sterilization:
Cold & dry: lyophilization |
Remove all water from something
Space food Cold reduces metabolism Dessication food preservation Strokes suspend further damage |
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Moist heat sterilization:
Ionizing radiation, sterilization |
Sterilizing: x-ray, gamma ray, cathoid rays
More severe: cause DNA breakage Cold sterilization: - Meat preservation - Drug treatment |
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Moist heat sterilization:
Non-ionizing radiation, disinfection |
UV light - biosafety cabinet
99% sterilization Dentis, ORs, ERs, Classrooms (full UV) |
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Mechanical agents:
Air filtration |
HEPA: high efficiency particulate air
Usually help disinfection only; sometimes sterilization Air planes Viruses usually get through |
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Mechanical Agents:
Liquid filtration |
More likely to be sterilization
No viruses should be in there so sterilize Helps with heat sensitive media types--sugar solutions Antibiotics |
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Chemical agents: Gases
Ethylene Oxide |
Ethylene oxide (ETO) Traditional
Reacts with protein & DNA Can be used for chemical sterilization Useful for inanimate/large objects Useful for large, enclosed chambers Explosive and carcinogenic |
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Chemical agents: Gases
Propylene oxide |
Propylene Oxide (safer)
Reacts with protein and DNA Can be used for chemical sterilization Less toxic than ETO when broken down Better for food |
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Chemical agents: Gases
Hydrogen peroxide |
Oxidizer, causes free radicals that are toxic to bacteria
Can be used for chemical sterilization if high enough concentration Antiseptic Sterilize packaged goods |
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Chemical agents: Gases
Chlorine dioxide |
disrupts proteins
Can be used for chemical sterilization if high enough concentration Disinfectant Sterilize equipment & medical waste Portable Used to disinfect anthrax |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Chlorine compounds, halogens |
Affects cysteine amino acids and disulfide bond of proteins
Can kill bacteria (less effective on endospores & Mycobacteria), fungi, and viruses on inanimate objects if long enough exposure Disinfect lab counter Common form of bleach: Sodium Hypochlorite Chloramine T: antisepsis for wound sand skin Chlorinate water |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Iodine compounds, halogens |
Affects hydrogen and disulfide bonds of proteins
Can kill bacteria (even endospores and Mycobacteria), fungi, & viruses on inanimate objects if long enough exposre Oldest Tincture = H2O + I2 + alochol Iodophors: slow release Good for burn wounnds, superficial wounds, scrubs Betadine - antiseptic Iodine tablets for water |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Phenolic compounds |
HARSH/TOXIC
Disrupts cell walls and membranes Kill most vegetative bacteria, including mycobacteria, fungi and most viruses Usually in a derivative form Lysol, disinfectant spray |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Biphenolic derivatives |
MILDER
Disrupts cell walls and membranes Antiseptic and disinfectant, fairly effective on most bacteira, not as effective vs fungi, viruses or endospores or mycobacteria Triclosan: in antiseptic facewashes Bactostat: clinical handwash Microban: built in antimocrobial in inanimate objects (Concerns: less washing) |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Chlorhexidine |
Phenolic rigns with chlorine, also called biguanides
Targets cell membranes and protein structure Affective on most bacteria (not endospores), not as effective on fungi, viruses, endospores or mycobacteria Safe on mucus membrane Exx: Hibicleanse: good full body cleanser/scrub Endore 400 scrubs Dentist |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Hydrogen peroxide |
Lethal blows of toxic oxygen forms
Effecive vs. bacteria, viruses, fungi, even endospores if enough Disinfectant of contact lens Packaging Antiseptic |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Alcohol |
Dehydrates cells and disrupts membranes
Effective on most bacteria (including mycobacteria) & fungi, but not endospores or non-enveloped viruses 70% EtOH so evaporation is slower Can coagulate protein in deep wounds (bad) Hand sanitizer Antibacterial, not antiobitcs |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Quarternary ammonium or benzylakonium chloride compounds (quats) |
Polar moleucle that interrups cell membranes
Effecive vs some G+ bacteria, and agaisnt viruses and fungi Surface disinfectants Restaurant/Hospital bathrooms Must be remade Pseudomonas likes it (biofilm maker) |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Soaps and enzymes |
Role in degerming and cleaning only-by breaking up dirt, fats, afluids
No antibacterial component Removes dirt so microbes cannot adhere |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Heavy metal compounds |
Toxic in small amounts = oligodynamic action, binds to protiens and halts metabolism
Effective vs bacteria, fungi, viruses, but not endospores Cost increases, powerful increases AgNO3 - infact eyedrops Silvadene cream Door handles infused with silver Mouse silver |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Aldehydes and Glutaradlehyde |
Aldehydes like formaldehyde for preservation, too strong for control here
Disrupts enzyme by cross-linking with amino acids effecftive agisnt pretty much all, one of the few chemical sterilants Glutaraldehyde: 2% Cidex, used as chemical sterilant in endoscopy eqipment (yellow liquid) |
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Chemical agents: Liquids
Chemical dyes |
Mechanisms not very clear
Effective against some bacteria and fungi Crystal violet, malachite green, good for ring worm Gentian violet Superficial skin infectiosn: candida albicans, rinworm, athlete's foot. |