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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where will you find endospores?
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in older cultures, roughly 2 days old
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Step 1 of Sporulation
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spore begins to isolate newly replicated DNA with a small portion of cytoplasm
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Step 2 of Sporulation
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Plasma Membrane starts to surround DNA that was isolated
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Step 3 of Sporulation
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spore septum surrounds isolated portion and forms the forespore
becomes 2 membranes |
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Step 4 of Sporulation
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Peptidoglycon layer forms between membranes
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Step 5 of Sporulation
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Spore Coat forms
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Step 6 of Sporulation
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endospore is freed from the cell
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metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
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catabolism
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provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones |
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exergonic
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produce more energy than they consume
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anabolism
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uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules
are biosynthetic reactions include the formation of proteins from amino acids |
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endergonic
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consume more energy than they produce
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metabolic pathway
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a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
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anabolic reactions are coupled to
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ATP breakdown, breaks it into ADP and inorganic phosphate
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catabolic reactions are couple to
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ATP synthesis
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collision theory
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the principle that chemical reactions occur because energy is gained as particles collide
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activation energy
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the minimum collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
is needed for most chemical reactions |
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reaction rate
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depends on the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction
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reaction rates can be increased by
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enzymes
increasing temp increasing pressure |
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Enzymes lower
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activation energy
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what is an enzyme?
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it is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of the reaction without being a part of the reaction.
not used up in the reaction are typically proteins |
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substrate
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any compound with which the enzyme reacts
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enzyme substrate complex
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a temporary union of an enzyme and it's substrate.
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Holoenzyme
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Apoenzyme plus a cofactor
the whole active enzyme |
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apoenzyme
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protein portion, inactive
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cofactor
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nonprotein portion of an enzyme
inorganic and small |
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coenzyme
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when the cofactor is an organic compound
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examples of cofactors
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iron
magnesium calcium zinc |
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examples of coenzymes
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NAD, NAD+, NADP, FAD
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Sequence of Enzymatic Action
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1) substrate binds with active site
2)becomes enzyme substrate complex 3) substrate is transformed 4) transformed substrate is released 5) unchanged enzyme free to react with other substrates |
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oxioreductases
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catalyze redox reactions in which oxygen and hydrogen are gained or lost
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ligases
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joining of 2 molecules, using energy derived from ATP
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hydrolases
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addition of water
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saturation
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active site of an enzyme is occupied by substrate or product molecules
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2 types of enzyme inhibitors
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competitive
noncompetitive (allosteric) |
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competitive inhibitors
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fill the active site of the enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site
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allosteric inhibitors
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interact with another part of the enzyme, binding there and making the enzyme nonfunctional
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feedback inhibition is also called
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end product inhibition
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feedback inhibition or end product inhibition
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controls the amount of substance produced by a cell
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feedback inhibitors work where?
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generally acts upon the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway
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oxidation
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removal of electrons from and atom or molecule
donates electrons |
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reduction
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gains electrons from another atom or molecule
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redox reaction
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oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
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in biological systems, electrons are often associated with
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hydrogen atoms
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dehydrogenation
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loss of hydrogen atoms from a substrate
biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms |
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phosphorylation
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the addition to a chemical compound
addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule |
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3 types of phosphorylation
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substrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphprylation photophosphorylation |
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substrate level phosphorylation
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transfer of high energy phosphate to ADP generating ATP
occurs in the cytoplasm during glycolysis |
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oxidative phosphorylation
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electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of electron carriers
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria in humans, in bacteria occurs in the cell membrane |
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electron transport system
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transfer of electrons from one electron carrier to the next releases energy, some of which is used to generate ATP
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Types of metabolic pathways of energy production
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cellular respiration
fermentation |
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2 types of cellular respiration
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aerobic
anaerobic |
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3 steps of aerobic respiration
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glycolysis
kreb cycle electron transport chain AKA oxidative phosphorylation |
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glycolysis is the oxidation of
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glucose to pyruvate
nets 2 ATP |
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aerobic respiration produces
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CO2, water and energy
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krebs Cycle is the oxidation of
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Acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide
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who is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
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Oxygen and it produces water
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During Gylcoysis
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1) glucose is partially broken down and some of it's stored energy is released
2) chain of events produces a net of 2 ATP 3) high energy electron carriers pick up electrons and carry to the electron transport chain |
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high energy electron carrier examples
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NADH and FADH2
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Definition of Glycolysis
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oxidation of glucose to pyruvate, splitting of sugars
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Krebs Cycle
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pathway that converts 2 carbon compounds to CO2, transferring electrons to other carriers generates ATP
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How many NADH and FADH are there per one pyruvate
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3 NADH
1 FADH |
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in order for pyruvate to enter the Krbe's Cycle
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it must lose one molecule of CO2
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decarboxylation
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the process in which pyruvate loses on CO2 molecule
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electron transport chain is formed by
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a series of electron carriers known as cytochromoes
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electron transport occurs where
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inner membrane of mitochondria
cell membrane of bacteria |
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electron carriers are also called
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reducing power
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electron transport generates
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a proton gradient
for 6 H+ equates to 3 ATP |
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ATP Synthase
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only place H+ can get through once pumped out.
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Where does most ATP get generated from
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chemiosmosis
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