Microbiology Chapter 5

Front 1

collective name for chemical reactions occuring within a cell

Back 1

metabolism

Front 2

metabolic reaction that requires energy

Back 2

anabolic reaction

Front 3

metabolic reaction that is energy releasing

Back 3

catabolic reaction

Front 4

organisms that use organic compounds as their carbon and energy sources

Back 4

chemoorganotrophs

Front 5

organisms that obtain carbon and energy from co2

Back 5

autotrophs

Front 6

chemical tools needed to make monomers

Back 6

nutrients

Front 7

nutrients required in large amounts

Back 7

macronutrients

Front 8

nutrients required in small or trace amounts

Back 8

micronutrients

Front 9

the typical cell is about ___ % carbon

Back 9

50%

Front 10

the major element in all classes of macromolecules

Back 10

carbon

Front 11

next most abundant element in the cell after carbon

Back 11

nitrogen

Front 12

N2 (nitrogen gas) can only be a source for certain bacteria known as

Back 12

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 13

ammonia and nitrate are examples of ____ sources which are in inorganic form

Back 13

nitrogen

Front 14

macronutrient required by cell primarily for synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids

Back 14

phosphorus

Front 15

macronutrient required by cell because of structural role in certain amino acids and present in a number of vitamins

Back 15

sulfur

Front 16

macronutrient that originates mostly from inorganic sources such as sulfate or sulfide

Back 16

sulfur

Front 17

macronutrient required by cell to make enzymes, some of which are involved in protein synthesis

Back 17

potassium

Front 18

macronutrient required by cell in order to stabilize ribosomes, cell membranes, and nucleic acids. also required for activity of many enzymes

Back 18

magnesium

Front 19

macronutrient that helps stabilize bacterial cell wall and plays a key role in heat stability of endospores

Back 19

calcium

Front 20

required by some but not all organisms. need often reflects habitat of organism

Back 20

sodium

Front 21

plays major role in cellular respiration, also a key component of the cytochromes and proteins involved in electron transport

Back 21

iron

Front 22

iron-binding agents that solubilize iron and transport it into the cell

Back 22

siderophores

Front 23

structurally complex phenolic siderophores

Back 23

enterobactins

Front 24

without ___, pathogens would be unable to initiate an infection due to iron limitations

Back 24

siderophores and enterobactins (iron binding agents)

Front 25

organic compounds that are required in very small amounts and only by some cells

Back 25

growth factors

Front 26

includes vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines; most microorganisms are able to synthesize all of these compounds, but some require them preformed from environment

Back 26

growth factors

Front 27

most commonly needed growth factors; most funtion as coenzymes

Back 27

vitamins

Front 28

nutrient solutions used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory

Back 28

culture media

Front 29

culture media where exact contents are known

Back 29

defined media

Front 30

culture media where exact contents are unknown (rotting meat/yeast could be used)

Back 30

undefined (complex media)

Front 31

a culture containing only a single kind of microorganism

Back 31

pure culture

Front 32

unwanted organisms within a culture

Back 32

contaminants

Front 33

the ability to do work; measured in units of kilojoules (kJ)

Back 33

energy

Front 34

energy released that is available to do useful work

Back 34

free energy

Front 35

pH 7, 25 degrees C, all reactants and products @ 1 M initial concentration

Back 35

standard conditions

Front 36

when G is negative, reaction proceeds w/ ___ of free energy; such reactions are ___

Back 36

release; exergonic

Front 37

when G is positive, the reaction ____ energy; such reactions are ____

Back 37

require; endergonic

Front 38

amount of energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state

Back 38

activation energy

Front 39

substance that lowers activation energy

Back 39

catalyst

Front 40

catalysts of biological reactions are proteins called

Back 40

enzymes

Front 41

in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the enzyme temporarily combines w/ the reactant which is termed a ___; this forms a _______

Back 41

substrate; enzyme-substrate complex

Front 42

the enzyme is generally much ____ than the substrate

Back 42

larger

Front 43

small portion of enzyme to which substrates bind

Back 43

active site