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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
What are the Building Blocks of Molecules?
Atoms
Choose.

Neutrons are
-positive
-negative
-neutral
Neutral
Choose.

Electrons are
-Positive
-Negative
-Neutral
Negative
Choose.

Protons are
-Positive
-Negative
-Neutral
Positive
Atoms are made up of?
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
True or False.

Atoms carry charge.
Flase
What do elements contain?
Each element contains characteristic number of protons and electrons- position in the table
What are biologically important Atoms?
Hydrogen H, Magnesium Mg, Carbon C, Nitrogen N, Oxygen O, Sodium Na, Potassium K, Calcium Ca, Phospherous P, Sulfur S, Chlorine Cl
What are Isotopes?
•Have different number of neutrons; same physical properties *physically the same, but chemically different
•Have unstable nuclei - emit energy – radioactivity
What are Isotopes significance in Biology?
•Tracing atoms and molecules in metabolic reactions
•Diagnostic purposes
•Sterilization (gamma irradiation)
Fill in the blanks.

Electrons fill in the orbitals and shells in_____ starting with the shell nearest the nucleus.
pairs
How do electrons rotate around the nucleus?
In orbitals (pathways)
Low level energy electrons are where?
Nearest the nucleus
Fill in the blanks.

1. 1st shell contains one orbital and a maximum of ___ electrons.
2. 2nd shell contains 4 orbitals and up to ___ electrons.
3. 3rd shell has 9 orbitals and can hold up to ___ electrons.
4. The 4th shell has 16 orbitals and ___ electrons.
1. 2
2. 8
3. 18
4. 32
x2
How are Molecules formed?
•Two or more atoms combined form a molecule
How are compounds formed?
•Compounds are formed when atoms share, donate, or lose electrons
What is valence?
•Number of electron in the outer shell.

•*Valence* Determines the readiness of an element to react with other element
What makes them stable is filling up the last orbital fully like if it’s the second orbital it needs to share with others to make it have 8 … it bonds with others… carbon can have 4 bonds
What is a covalent bond?
•Bonds between atoms that share electrons
•Electrons are not shared equally - change of polarity
They don’t take or donate, they share it
what is an Ionic bond?
•Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
•When valences complement each other
Ex. -NaCl
If the help each other out
What is Ionization?
•Disassociation of molecules (atoms) into charged particles:
Cations (+)
Anions (-)
•When added to water crystals of NaCl get ionized - Na + Cl-
What is an electrolyte?
conduct electricity: acids, bases, salts
Choose.

Hydrophilip molecules ______ water.

- attract
- Repel
Attract
Hydrophobic molecules____water.


- attract
- Repel
Repel
Choose.

Hydrophilic:

Polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Choose.

Hydrophobic:

Polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar
What is a Hydrogen bond?
•Attractive forces between nearby molecules
*one of the weakest kinds of bonds
How are Hydrogen bonds represented?
Dotted lines
Give examples of Hydrogen bonds.
Ex. Water molecules; proteins and DNA
What are chemical formulas?
• Atomic symbols and number of atoms in a molecule: H2O
True or False.

Chemical formulas do not provide position of bonds between atoms.
True

but they show how many, they show the structure
Ex. C6H12O₆ - Glucose and Fructose
Give an example of a reaction.
2H₂ + O2 -> 2H 2 O
Complete the sentence.

In synthesis reactions the equations must be __________.
Balanced.
What happens in decomposition reactions?
Larger molecule is broken up in two smaller units
What is a solution?
• Mixture of substances (solute - solid, gaseous, liquid) in the solvent (liquid)
What is the common solvent?
• Water is the most common solvent

*hydrophilic molecules dissolve into water because they are weak and hydrophilic molecules do not*
What is the pH?
pH is a measure of concentration of H+ and OH- ions
The pH ranges from 0 to?
14

O most acidic. (Hydrochloric acid)
7 Neutral ( water)
14 most basic ( potassium hydroxide)
What are organic compounds?
Organic (CH₄) -
Complex compounds with C bonded to other atoms
what are inorganic compounds?
Inorganic (do not have C and H combined) NaCl, CaCO₃
Why is Carbon the fundamental element of life?
• Carbon is the fundamental element of life - Why?
• Molecular Skeleton- the start of a chemical bond, start of a molecule, it’s like the base and then you start adding stuff
• Have 4 electrons in other orbital- can form 4 *different* bonds
• Most often forms stable bonds with C, H, O, N, S, and P
* Can have single, double, and triple bonds* can have three bonds on one shell, makes it more stable, strength of the bond
What are functional groups?
• Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups - functional groups
• Functional groups determine the characteristics of a molecule
*Carboxyl, Amino, and Phosphate are important groups in biology
• Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups - functional groups
• Functional groups determine the characteristics of a molecule
*Carboxyl, Amino, and Phosphate are important groups in biology
what are macromolecules?
-Smaller molecules (monomers) are assembled into larger compounds - macromolecules (polymers)
*four groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the classes of Carbohydrates?
• Monosaccharides (glucose)
• Disaccharides (sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch)
Important Functional groups?
Carboxyl

Amino

Phosphate
What are the classes of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospolipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
True or false?

Lipids are not soluble in water
true
What are the biological significance of Lipids?
• Storage material (triglycerides)
• Membrane Lipids
-Phospolipids
*hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion
-Cholesterols
*Provides support to the cell wall of some bacteria
What are the roles of Polysaccharides?
• Provide structural support
• Nutrient and energy storage
• Some examples
- Cellulose
- Agar
- Chitin
- Peptidoglycan
- Glycocalyx
Proteins are composed of what?
Amino Acids
•Assembled together through peptide bonds
What are peptides?
short chain of amino acids
What are polypeptides?
long chains of amino acids
What are the four structures of proteins?
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quarternery
*like spiral, globular, chains
What are peptide bonds?
• Bond between amino group of one AA and carboxyl group of another AA
*Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids*
What are nucleotides composed of?
Sugar
Phosphate
Hydrogen bases
What is the double helix of DNA?
*nucleotides put together form the double helix of DNA* Hydrogen bonds ----
What does ATP contain?
- Adenine
- Ribose
-Three Phosphates
• Gives off energy when the bond is broken and one phosphate group removed