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221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Variolation
|
an early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient
|
|
|
Vaccine
|
a suspension of organisms that is used to induce immunity
|
|
|
Attenuated whole-agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
use living but weakened microbes. this vaccine will mimic an actual infection and often achieves lifelong immunity
{measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox} |
|
|
Herd immunity
|
when the general population is immune to a certain disease
|
|
|
Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
are vaccines that use microbes that have been killed
{whooping cough, polio,rabies} |
|
|
Toxoids
|
inactive toxins
|
|
|
Subunit vaccines
|
use only antigenic fragments of a microorganism that stimulates an immune response
|
|
|
Nucleic acid vaccines
|
DNA injected into muscle results in production of the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
|
|
|
Hybridoma
|
the fusing together of "immortal" cancerous B cells with antibody-producing normal B cells
|
|
|
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
|
are useful because they are uniform, highly specific, and can be produced in large quantities
|
|
|
Precipitation Reactions
|
a reaction between soluble antigens and multivalent antibodies to form visible aggregates
|
|
|
Agglutination Reactions
|
the reaction that occurs and forms antibodies and antigens together
|
|
|
Neutralization Reaction
|
is an antigen-antibody reaction where the harmful effects of a bacterial exotoxin or virus are blocked by specific antibodies
|
|
|
Complete Fixation
|
process where complement combines with an antigen-antibody complex
|
|
|
Fluorescent-antibody (FA) Techniques
|
can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum
|
|
|
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
|
there are two basic methods Direct ELISA(detects antigens) and Indirect ELISA(detects antibodies)
Its a popular test because the results are easy to read - ELISA is used in over the counter pregnancy tests |
|
|
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting)
|
is used to identify a specific protein mixture - it is valuable in diagnosing diseases
|
|
|
Variolation
|
an early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient
|
|
|
Vaccine
|
a suspension of organisms that is used to induce immunity
|
|
|
Attenuated whole–agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
use living but weakened microbes. this vaccine will mimic an actual infection and often achieves lifelong immunity
{measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox} |
|
|
Herd immunity
|
when the general population is immune to a certain disease
|
|
|
Inactivated whole–agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
are vaccines that use microbes that have been killed
{whooping cough, polio,rabies} |
|
|
Toxoids
|
inactive toxins
|
|
|
Subunit vaccines
|
use only antigenic fragments of a microorganism that stimulates an immune response
|
|
|
Nucleic acid vaccines
|
DNA injected into muscle results in production of the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
|
|
|
Hybridoma
|
the fusing together of "immortal" cancerous B cells with antibody–producing normal B cells
|
|
|
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
|
are useful because they are uniform, highly specific, and can be produced in large quantities
|
|
|
Precipitation Reactions
|
a reaction between soluble antigens and multivalent antibodies to form visible aggregates
|
|
|
Agglutination Reactions
|
the reaction that occurs and forms antibodies and antigens together
|
|
|
Neutralization Reaction
|
is an antigen–antibody reaction where the harmful effects of a bacterial exotoxin or virus are blocked by specific antibodies
|
|
|
Complete Fixation
|
process where complement combines with an antigen–antibody complex
|
|
|
Fluorescent–antibody (FA) Techniques
|
can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum
|
|
|
Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
|
there are two basic methods Direct ELISA(detects antigens) and Indirect ELISA(detects antibodies)
Its a popular test because the results are easy to read – ELISA is used in over the counter pregnancy tests |
|
|
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting)
|
is used to identify a specific protein mixture – it is valuable in diagnosing diseases
|
|
|
Mast Cell
|
A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and other substances that stimulate vasodilation
|
|
|
Degranulation
|
The release of contents of secretory granules from mast cells or basophils during anaphylaxis.
|
|
|
Histamine
|
A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
|
|
|
Prostoglandins
|
A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells, intensifies inflammation.
|
|
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis
|
A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.
|
|
|
Localized anaphylaxis
|
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is restricted to a limited area of skin or mucous membrane; for example, hayfever, a skin rash, or asthma.
|
|
|
Desensitization
|
The prevention of allergic inflammatory responses by injecting increased doses of the antigen under the skin
|
|
|
ABO blood group system
|
The classification of red blood cells based on the presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens.
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
An antigen on red blood cells of rhesus monkeys and most humans; possession makes the cells Rh1.
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB)
|
condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby
|
|
|
Immune Complex
|
A circulating antigen–antibody aggregate capable of fixing complement.
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenic purpura
|
bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood cell fragments called platelets
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells.
|
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
means a failure of the bone marrow to make enough white blood cells (neutrophils). Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells.
|
|
|
Mast Cell
|
A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and other substances that stimulate vasodilation
|
|
|
Degranulation
|
The release of contents of secretory granules from mast cells or basophils during anaphylaxis.
|
|
|
Histamine
|
A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
|
|
|
Prostoglandins
|
A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells, intensifies inflammation.
|
|
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis
|
A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.
|
|
|
Localized anaphylaxis
|
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is restricted to a limited area of skin or mucous membrane; for example, hayfever, a skin rash, or asthma.
|
|
|
Desensitization
|
The prevention of allergic inflammatory responses by injecting increased doses of the antigen under the skin
|
|
|
ABO blood group system
|
The classification of red blood cells based on the presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens.
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
An antigen on red blood cells of rhesus monkeys and most humans; possession makes the cells Rh1.
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB)
|
condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby
|
|
|
Immune Complex
|
A circulating antigen–antibody aggregate capable of fixing complement.
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenic purpura
|
bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood cell fragments called platelets
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells.
|
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
means a failure of the bone marrow to make enough white blood cells (neutrophils). Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells.
|
|
|
Naturally Acquired vs Artificially Acquired immunity
|
Naturally– immune response against antigens encountered in daily life.
Artificially– response to antigens introduced via vaccine |
|
|
Active vs Passive immunity
|
Active– active response to antigens via humoral or cell mediated responses.
Passive– passively recieving the antibodies from another source. |
|
|
3 types of vaccines
|
Attenuated (live)
Killed (inactivated) toxoid |
|
|
Attenuated viruses
|
for both bacteria and viruses. Attenuated vaccines use pathogens whose virulence has been reduced.
|
|
|
What is a main benefit to using Attenuated vaccines?
|
Herd immunity. vaccinated individuals can indect those around them with weakened pathogens.
|
|
|
problems with attenuated vaccines
|
Complications in immunocomprimised individuals and pregnant women. Modified viruses may be more virulent.
|
|
|
Inactivated vaccines
|
can be either whoe agents or parts of agents that are dead. formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate the pathogen for vaccination (dangerous)
|
|
|
inactivated vaccine problems
|
No herd immunity, may cause inflammation response and is antigeneically weak.
|
|
|
inactivated vaccines are relatively weak antigenically. why? how is this solved?
|
Because the body did not produce and immune response. this is solved by adding Adjuvants to the vaccine. these are molecules which enhance the antigenicity of the vaccine.
|
|
|
Toxoid vaccine
|
Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity.
|
|
|
Anaphylactic shock
|
An allergic reaction that may develop to a component of the vaccine. (more common in vaccines with adjuvants).
|
|
|
Passive immunity
|
When the antibodies of an organism already subject to the particular pathogen are introduced to another organism.
|
|
|
serology
|
the study and diagnostic use of antigen–antibody interactions in blood serum.
|
|
|
Immune testing includes many serological tests including
|
PPT test (w/ soluble antigen)
Agglutination (w/ complete cell (insoluble) Neutralization (w/ viral or toxoid antigen) Complement fixation test |
|
|
PPT immune test
|
the mixture of antigen–antibody causes a ppt. (example OUCHTERLONY PLATE)
|
|
|
Agglutination test
|
cross linkage of antigen and antibody causes agglutination. (example determination of blood type)
|
|
|
Neutralization test
|
Virus usually kills culture cells. Upon abscence of cytopathic effects the antibodies against the virus have been made.
|
|
|
2 types of Antibody testing
|
Fluorescent antibody test and ELISA
|
|
|
Fluorescent antibody test
|
Uses fluorescent dyes to label the antigen and track it till it binds to its antigen.
|
|
|
Uses and problems od Direct Flouorscence antibody testing
|
Use: identify a small number of bacteria in a patient.
Problem: it proves prescence and DOES NOT QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present |
|
|
ELISA
|
enzyme linked immunsorbent assay
uses enzymes as the label. mostly used to identify the prescence of antibodues in serum. |
|
|
How does ELISA work
|
The antigen being tested is sandwiched between two antibody molecules.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of ELISA?
|
Easy and cheap to perform.
Can QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present. |
|
|
What is hypersensativity? how many classes are there what are they?
|
Hypersensatvity– an immune response against any foreign antigen thay is EXAGGERATED beyond the norm.
I– immediate II– cytotoxic III– immune–complex IV– delayed or cell–mediated |
|
|
Type I hypersensativity (immediate)
|
Commonly referred to as allergies. Develop within seconds and cause a localized immune response.
|
|
|
in hypersensativity I what is the function of basophils and eosinophils?
|
they release inflammatory compounds by binding to IgE the allergin antibody.
|
|
|
Conditions of Hypersensativity I (allergic reaction)
|
inhaled allergins may cause hay fever (upper RTI), asthma or hives.
Commonly cause by MOLD, SPORES, POLEN, FLOWERING PLANTS, SOME TREES AND DUST MITES. |
|
|
Type II Hypersensativity
|
When cells are destroyed by an immune response (blood agglutination)
|
|
|
Transfusion reaction problems are an example of which class of hypersensativity? they may cause?
|
II (cytotoxic) and may cause kidney or liver problems.
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease in Newborns is an example of which class of hypersensativity? when is there a problem? solution?
|
Class II.
RH negative mom Rh + baby Administer RHOGAN which destroys any fetal RBC that may have entered the body. |
|
|
Type III hypersensitivity
what is it? 3 examples |
immune response due to antigen–antibody complexes
1.) Systemic Lupus 2.) Rhuematoid Arthiritis 3.) Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Type IV Hypersensitivity
|
Inflamation due to contact with certain antigens.
A result of interactions with T CELLS (IMPORTANT) 1.) TB test 2.) Allergic comtact dermatitis 3.) Graft rejection |
|
|
TB test and why it is an example of Type IV Hypersensitivity
|
No response occurs when injected into the body of a person without infection or vaccination.
Inflammation occurs when the person has been infected or vaccinated against TB. |
|
|
Allergic Contact dermatitis
|
A cell mediated response (Type IV Hypersensativity) causing a skin rash. (Stye)
|
|
|
Graft rejection is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity. What are privaleged sites and give 2 examples.
|
Sites at which grafts are not likely to be rejected.
the brain and the cornea |
|
|
Donor–recipient matching and tissue typing.
What is the first compatibility issues? |
MHC compatibility needs to be as close as possible and therefore donors are usually parents or siblings (closer in MHC)
|
|
|
Autoimmune diseases
|
where the body produced antibodies and cytotoxic t cells that target normal body cells.
|
|
|
Autoimmunity affecting blood clotting
|
production of autoantibodies to leukocytes combats platlets and does not allow blood to clot.
|
|
|
Autoimmunity affecting endocrine glands
|
Production of autoantibodies attack the pancreas and cause Diabetic mellitus (inability to produce insulin)
|
|
|
Autoimmunity affecting endocrine glands
|
Autoantibodies may also attack the thyroid gland causing grave's disease
|
|
|
Autoimmunity affecting the nervous system
|
Multiple scleroris where cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheaths of neurons. May be caused by virus (???)
|
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
B cells produce autoantibodies against collagen in joints (causes inflammation)
|
|
|
Primary vs Acquire immunodeficiency diseases
|
Primary– those that are acquired genetically.
Acquired– those that are obtained through life (envioronemnt) (AIDS) |
|
|
AIDS
|
AIDS does not kill it lowers all immune response to nothing and one of many oppurtunistic infections kills patients. (most commonly fungal infections and pneumonia).
|
|
|
Streptococcus species are
|
the MOST INFECTIOUS GENUS to humans (ex. Strep pyogenes)
|
|
|
Strep pyogenes causes
|
Strep throat, scarlet fever (kills erythrocytes), rheumatic fever (causes Heart disease) and skin necrosis (flesh–eating)
|
|
|
What is the most common treatment for strp pyogenes?
|
Penicilin and erythromycin
|
|
|
Streptococcus Pneumonia
causes Virulence treatment |
causes pneumonia and ear infections.
Virulence problem because it is antiphygocytic Treatment with penicillin or erythromycin |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
causes commonly causes Virulence factor Treatment |
skin infections, food poison, toxic shock syndrome, impetigo (brown scab)
Nosocomial infections Enterotoxin (food poison) Superantigens– cause overrxn Penicillin and erythromycin |
|
|
Corynbacterium diptheriae
causes virulence treatment prevention |
Diptheria (severe sore throat)
Phage encoded (toxin) antibiotics and antitoxins Vaccine (DPT) |
|
|
Legionella pneumophila
causes |
Legionnaires' disease (pnuemonia with respiratory failure)
*COOLING TOWERS OF A/C* |
|
|
Bordetella Pertussis
causes treatment prevention |
Whopping cough
antibiotics vaccine (DPT) |
|
|
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
causes Virulence X Ray diagnosis Treatment |
tuberculosis
very hard to kill (mycholic acids) clumps of phagocyzed macrophages appear in chest x–ray treatment with ISONIAZID |
|
|
Rhinovirus
causes |
A virus that causes the common cold (over 100 strains)
|
|
|
Influenza virus
causes virulence treatment |
the flu (bad cold, weak)
rapidly mutates by ANTIGENIC SHIFT (exchange of genomes in co–infected individuals) Vaccine |
|
|
Rubella (german measles) virus
causes problems in prevention |
a mild rash and cough
major problem in pregnant women which can lead to neurological brain defects MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) |
|
|
Chicken pox (virus)
causes later in life called prevention |
mild fever, rash and ITCH
Shingles (much more severe) vaccination |
|
|
Variolation
|
an early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient
|
|
|
Vaccine
|
a suspension of organisms that is used to induce immunity
|
|
|
Attenuated whole–agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
use living but weakened microbes. this vaccine will mimic an actual infection and often achieves lifelong immunity
{measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox} |
|
|
Herd immunity
|
when the general population is immune to a certain disease
|
|
|
Inactivated whole–agent vaccines
Give examples of this kind of vaccine |
are vaccines that use microbes that have been killed
{whooping cough, polio,rabies} |
|
|
Toxoids
|
inactive toxins
|
|
|
Subunit vaccines
|
use only antigenic fragments of a microorganism that stimulates an immune response
|
|
|
Nucleic acid vaccines
|
DNA injected into muscle results in production of the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
|
|
|
Hybridoma
|
the fusing together of "immortal" cancerous B cells with antibody–producing normal B cells
|
|
|
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
|
are useful because they are uniform, highly specific, and can be produced in large quantities
|
|
|
Precipitation Reactions
|
a reaction between soluble antigens and multivalent antibodies to form visible aggregates
|
|
|
Agglutination Reactions
|
the reaction that occurs and forms antibodies and antigens together
|
|
|
Neutralization Reaction
|
is an antigen–antibody reaction where the harmful effects of a bacterial exotoxin or virus are blocked by specific antibodies
|
|
|
Complete Fixation
|
process where complement combines with an antigen–antibody complex
|
|
|
Fluorescent–antibody (FA) Techniques
|
can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum
|
|
|
Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
|
there are two basic methods Direct ELISA(detects antigens) and Indirect ELISA(detects antibodies)
Its a popular test because the results are easy to read – ELISA is used in over the counter pregnancy tests |
|
|
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting)
|
is used to identify a specific protein mixture – it is valuable in diagnosing diseases
|
|
|
Mast Cell
|
A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and other substances that stimulate vasodilation
|
|
|
Degranulation
|
The release of contents of secretory granules from mast cells or basophils during anaphylaxis.
|
|
|
Histamine
|
A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
|
|
|
Prostoglandins
|
A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells, intensifies inflammation.
|
|
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis
|
A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.
|
|
|
Localized anaphylaxis
|
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is restricted to a limited area of skin or mucous membrane; for example, hayfever, a skin rash, or asthma.
|
|
|
Desensitization
|
The prevention of allergic inflammatory responses by injecting increased doses of the antigen under the skin
|
|
|
ABO blood group system
|
The classification of red blood cells based on the presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens.
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
An antigen on red blood cells of rhesus monkeys and most humans; possession makes the cells Rh1.
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB)
|
condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby
|
|
|
Immune Complex
|
A circulating antigen–antibody aggregate capable of fixing complement.
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenic purpura
|
bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood cell fragments called platelets
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells.
|
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
means a failure of the bone marrow to make enough white blood cells (neutrophils). Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells.
|
|
|
Mast Cell
|
A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and other substances that stimulate vasodilation
|
|
|
Degranulation
|
The release of contents of secretory granules from mast cells or basophils during anaphylaxis.
|
|
|
Histamine
|
A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
|
|
|
Prostoglandins
|
A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells, intensifies inflammation.
|
|
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis
|
A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.
|
|
|
Localized anaphylaxis
|
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is restricted to a limited area of skin or mucous membrane; for example, hayfever, a skin rash, or asthma.
|
|
|
Desensitization
|
The prevention of allergic inflammatory responses by injecting increased doses of the antigen under the skin
|
|
|
ABO blood group system
|
The classification of red blood cells based on the presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens.
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
An antigen on red blood cells of rhesus monkeys and most humans; possession makes the cells Rh1.
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB)
|
condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby
|
|
|
Immune Complex
|
A circulating antigen–antibody aggregate capable of fixing complement.
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenic purpura
|
bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood cell fragments called platelets
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells.
|
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
means a failure of the bone marrow to make enough white blood cells (neutrophils). Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells.
|
|
|
Naturally Acquired vs Artificially Acquired immunity
|
Naturally– immune response against antigens encountered in daily life.
Artificially– response to antigens introduced via vaccine |
|
|
Active vs Passive immunity
|
Active– active response to antigens via humoral or cell mediated responses.
Passive– passively recieving the antibodies from another source. |
|
|
3 types of vaccines
|
Attenuated (live)
Killed (inactivated) toxoid |
|
|
Attenuated viruses
|
for both bacteria and viruses. Attenuated vaccines use pathogens whose virulence has been reduced.
|
|
|
What is a main benefit to using Attenuated vaccines?
|
Herd immunity. vaccinated individuals can indect those around them with weakened pathogens.
|
|
|
problems with attenuated vaccines
|
Complications in immunocomprimised individuals and pregnant women. Modified viruses may be more virulent.
|
|
|
Inactivated vaccines
|
can be either whoe agents or parts of agents that are dead. formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate the pathogen for vaccination (dangerous)
|
|
|
inactivated vaccine problems
|
No herd immunity, may cause inflammation response and is antigeneically weak.
|
|
|
inactivated vaccines are relatively weak antigenically. why? how is this solved?
|
Because the body did not produce and immune response. this is solved by adding Adjuvants to the vaccine. these are molecules which enhance the antigenicity of the vaccine.
|
|
|
Toxoid vaccine
|
Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity.
|
|
|
Anaphylactic shock
|
An allergic reaction that may develop to a component of the vaccine. (more common in vaccines with adjuvants).
|
|
|
Passive immunity
|
When the antibodies of an organism already subject to the particular pathogen are introduced to another organism.
|
|
|
serology
|
the study and diagnostic use of antigen–antibody interactions in blood serum.
|
|
|
Immune testing includes many serological tests including
|
PPT test (w/ soluble antigen)
Agglutination (w/ complete cell (insoluble) Neutralization (w/ viral or toxoid antigen) Complement fixation test |
|
|
PPT immune test
|
the mixture of antigen–antibody causes a ppt. (example OUCHTERLONY PLATE)
|
|
|
Agglutination test
|
cross linkage of antigen and antibody causes agglutination. (example determination of blood type)
|
|
|
Neutralization test
|
Virus usually kills culture cells. Upon abscence of cytopathic effects the antibodies against the virus have been made.
|
|
|
2 types of Antibody testing
|
Fluorescent antibody test and ELISA
|
|
|
Fluorescent antibody test
|
Uses fluorescent dyes to label the antigen and track it till it binds to its antigen.
|
|
|
Uses and problems od Direct Flouorscence antibody testing
|
Use: identify a small number of bacteria in a patient.
Problem: it proves prescence and DOES NOT QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present |
|
|
ELISA
|
enzyme linked immunsorbent assay
uses enzymes as the label. mostly used to identify the prescence of antibodues in serum. |
|
|
How does ELISA work
|
The antigen being tested is sandwiched between two antibody molecules.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of ELISA?
|
Easy and cheap to perform.
Can QUANTIFY the amount of antigen present. |
|
|
What is hypersensativity? how many classes are there what are they?
|
Hypersensatvity– an immune response against any foreign antigen thay is EXAGGERATED beyond the norm.
I– immediate II– cytotoxic III– immune–complex IV– delayed or cell–mediated |
|
|
Type I hypersensativity (immediate)
|
Commonly referred to as allergies. Develop within seconds and cause a localized immune response.
|
|
|
in hypersensativity I what is the function of basophils and eosinophils?
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they release inflammatory compounds by binding to IgE the allergin antibody.
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Conditions of Hypersensativity I (allergic reaction)
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inhaled allergins may cause hay fever (upper RTI), asthma or hives.
Commonly cause by MOLD, SPORES, POLEN, FLOWERING PLANTS, SOME TREES AND DUST MITES. |
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Type II Hypersensativity
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When cells are destroyed by an immune response (blood agglutination)
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Transfusion reaction problems are an example of which class of hypersensativity? they may cause?
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II (cytotoxic) and may cause kidney or liver problems.
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Hemolytic disease in Newborns is an example of which class of hypersensativity? when is there a problem? solution?
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Class II.
RH negative mom Rh + baby Administer RHOGAN which destroys any fetal RBC that may have entered the body. |
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Type III hypersensitivity
what is it? 3 examples |
immune response due to antigen–antibody complexes
1.) Systemic Lupus 2.) Rhuematoid Arthiritis 3.) Glomerulonephritis |
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Inflamation due to contact with certain antigens.
A result of interactions with T CELLS (IMPORTANT) 1.) TB test 2.) Allergic comtact dermatitis 3.) Graft rejection |
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TB test and why it is an example of Type IV Hypersensitivity
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No response occurs when injected into the body of a person without infection or vaccination.
Inflammation occurs when the person has been infected or vaccinated against TB. |
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Allergic Contact dermatitis
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A cell mediated response (Type IV Hypersensativity) causing a skin rash. (Stye)
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Graft rejection is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity. What are privaleged sites and give 2 examples.
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Sites at which grafts are not likely to be rejected.
the brain and the cornea |
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Donor–recipient matching and tissue typing.
What is the first compatibility issues? |
MHC compatibility needs to be as close as possible and therefore donors are usually parents or siblings (closer in MHC)
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Autoimmune diseases
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where the body produced antibodies and cytotoxic t cells that target normal body cells.
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Autoimmunity affecting blood clotting
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production of autoantibodies to leukocytes combats platlets and does not allow blood to clot.
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Autoimmunity affecting endocrine glands
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Production of autoantibodies attack the pancreas and cause Diabetic mellitus (inability to produce insulin)
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Autoimmunity affecting endocrine glands
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Autoantibodies may also attack the thyroid gland causing grave's disease
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Autoimmunity affecting the nervous system
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Multiple scleroris where cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheaths of neurons. May be caused by virus (???)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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B cells produce autoantibodies against collagen in joints (causes inflammation)
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Primary vs Acquire immunodeficiency diseases
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Primary– those that are acquired genetically.
Acquired– those that are obtained through life (envioronemnt) (AIDS) |
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AIDS
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AIDS does not kill it lowers all immune response to nothing and one of many oppurtunistic infections kills patients. (most commonly fungal infections and pneumonia).
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Streptococcus species are
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the MOST INFECTIOUS GENUS to humans (ex. Strep pyogenes)
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Strep pyogenes causes
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Strep throat, scarlet fever (kills erythrocytes), rheumatic fever (causes Heart disease) and skin necrosis (flesh–eating)
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What is the most common treatment for strp pyogenes?
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Penicilin and erythromycin
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Streptococcus Pneumonia
causes Virulence treatment |
causes pneumonia and ear infections.
Virulence problem because it is antiphygocytic Treatment with penicillin or erythromycin |
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Staphylococcus aureus
causes commonly causes Virulence factor Treatment |
skin infections, food poison, toxic shock syndrome, impetigo (brown scab)
Nosocomial infections Enterotoxin (food poison) Superantigens– cause overrxn Penicillin and erythromycin |
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Corynbacterium diptheriae
causes virulence treatment prevention |
Diptheria (severe sore throat)
Phage encoded (toxin) antibiotics and antitoxins Vaccine (DPT) |
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Legionella pneumophila
causes |
Legionnaires' disease (pnuemonia with respiratory failure)
*COOLING TOWERS OF A/C* |
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Bordetella Pertussis
causes treatment prevention |
Whopping cough
antibiotics vaccine (DPT) |
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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
causes Virulence X Ray diagnosis Treatment |
tuberculosis
very hard to kill (mycholic acids) clumps of phagocyzed macrophages appear in chest x–ray treatment with ISONIAZID |
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Rhinovirus
causes |
A virus that causes the common cold (over 100 strains)
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Influenza virus
causes virulence treatment |
the flu (bad cold, weak)
rapidly mutates by ANTIGENIC SHIFT (exchange of genomes in co–infected individuals) Vaccine |
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Rubella (german measles) virus
causes problems in prevention |
a mild rash and cough
major problem in pregnant women which can lead to neurological brain defects MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) |
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Chicken pox (virus)
causes later in life called prevention |
mild fever, rash and ITCH
Shingles (much more severe) vaccination |
