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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term "axenic" refers to a part of the body that is
infected. enlarged. irritated. sterile. |
sterile.
In the laboratory, the term "axenic" is used to refer to a pure culture. However, it also can refer to parts of the body that are normally sterile. |
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What is meant by the term "normal microbiota"?
the microbes that grow from an inoculum naturally occurring pathogens microbes associated with a certain area of the body drugs that can be used against most microbial infections |
microbes associated with a certain area of the body
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The competition for space and nutrients that occurs between different populations of microbes is known as
synergism. selective toxicity. resistance. microbial antagonism. |
microbial antagonism.
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Bacteria that possess structures such as fimbriae and glycocalyces are more likely to form which of the following?
cell walls biofilms colonies plaques |
biofilms
Fimbriae and glycocalyces are bacterial structures that are important in the formation of biofilms, which can contribute to disease. |
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Why are Koch's postulates an important aspect of the germ theory of disease?
They are a way to demonstrate how an infection can be cured. They show how a disease can be transmitted from one individual to another. They can be used to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease. They are a way to quickly isolate bacteria. |
They can be used to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease.
Koch's postulates provided significant support for the germ theory of disease because they were the first means of demonstrating the pathogenic nature of a bacterial isolate. |
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A Gram-negative infection could be more serious due to the presence of which of the following in the Gram-negative cell wall?
exotoxin endotoxin teichoic acid phospholipids |
endotoxin
Lipid A, also known as endotoxin, is the most dangerous part of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. |
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The capsule of a bacterial cell
enhances its binary fission. protects it from destruction by the immune system. allows it to move from one place to another. provides it with nutrients. |
protects it from destruction by the immune system.
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John Snow contributed which of the following ideas to the science of microbiology?
the study of the chemical reactions occurring in cells the use of chemical substances to control microbial infections the use of special stains to help identify bacterial cells the study of the occurrence and spread of diseases in human populations |
the study of the occurrence and spread of diseases in human populations
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Nosocomial infections can be contracted in which of the following settings?
a school a shopping mall a military base a hospital |
a hospital
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A human might contract a zoonosis from which of the following?
a medical procedure a used tissue a dirty plate a cat |
a cat
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted by contact with animals. |
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Pasteurization of milk is designed to kill which of the following?
endospores all microbes parasitic worms pathogenic microbes |
pathogenic microbes
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Biological vectors of diseases affecting humans are typically which of the following?
biting arthropods household pets food crops livestock |
biting arthropods
Biting arthropods such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes are the primary biological vectors of diseases affecting humans. |
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Portals of exit are
the same, under certain circumstances, as portals of entry. essentially the same as portals of entry. completely different from portals of entry. associated only with biological vectors. |
essentially the same as portals of entry.
Portals of exit, which typically involve secretions and excretions, are essentially the same as portals of entry. |
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A public water supply could be disinfected by all of the following antimicrobial control methods EXCEPT:
halogens. non-ionizing radiation. filtration. lyophilization. |
lyophilization.
Halogens (such as chlorine and iodine), filtration, and non-ionizing radiation would all be suitable means of disinfecting water supplies. Lyophilization refers to the process of "freeze-drying," and would not be an appropriate method of disinfection |
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Which of the following is regarded as a part of the body's normal microbiota?
Bacillus anthracis Staphylococcus epidermidis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus pyogenes |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a skin bacterium that is a common member of the normal microbiota, and it typically causes no harm to a person. |
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The genus Clostridium is associated with which of the following diseases?
gonorrhea and leprosy tetanus and anthrax botulism and tetanus leprosy and tuberculosis |
botulism and tetanus
Members of the genus Clostridium cause botulism and tetanus, among other diseases. These diseases are contracted from nonliving reservoirs, such as soil. |
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The fact that Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces fimbriae means that one would expect this bacterium to
Open Hint for Question 17 in a new window. exhibit chemotaxis. kill cells and tissues. invade immune cells. attach to body cells or tissues. |
attach to body cells or tissues.
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Etiology is the study of
the body's defense mechanisms. the causes of disease. the use of chemicals to cure diseases. the chemical reactions that occur inside cells. |
the causes of disease.
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Capsules are an example of which of the following?
cell wall cytoplasmic membrane glycocalyx inclusions |
glycocalyx
Capsules and slime layers are both examples of glycocalyces, protective outer coatings around many bacterial cells |
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Which of the following would NOT be considered a communicable disease?
herpes tuberculosis flu tetanus |
tetanus
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The growth of Staphylococcus aureus on human skin is an example of
parasitism. antagonism. mutualism. commensalism. |
commensalism.
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The term _____ refers to the mere presence of microbes in the body.
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contamination
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M protein, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, is an example of a(n)
toxoid. antiphagocytic chemical. extracellular enzyme. antitoxin. |
antiphagocytic chemical.
M protein helps Streptococcus resist phagocytosis by immune cells |
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Mechanical vectors typically introduce pathogens into a host by a bite.
True False |
False
Mechanical vectors transmit many diseases passively just by crawling on or touching items such as food or skin |
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Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a "pathogen"?
a virus that harms its host a parasite that kills its host a microbe that causes disease in humans a microorganism capable of causing disease |
microorganism capable of causing disease
While this may be one aspect of a pathogen, it is not the most accurate definition; a pathogen is any parasite that causes disease. |
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Which of the following affects the function of cells lining the gastrointestinal tract?
endotoxin staphylokinase coagulase enterotoxins |
enterotoxins
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Creation of ______ is an important component of airborne-transmitted diseases.
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aerosols
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Most of the members of the resident microbiota are classified as
mutualistic. commensals. pathogens. parasites. |
commensals.
Because the members of the resident microbiota are, by definition, associated with a host throughout its lifetime, they are typically commensals, feeding off the host's wastes or dead cells without causing any harm. |
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AIDS is considered to be an epidemic.
True False |
False
AIDS is now considered to be a pandemic because it can be found on more than one continent worldwide |
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Which of the following types of bacterial toxins can be produced by BOTH Gram-positive AND Gram-negative bacteria?
both exotoxin and endotoxin only exotoxin only endotoxin neither exotoxin nor endotoxin |
only exotoxin
Because exotoxins are not necessarily linked to any particular cell structure, they can be produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. |
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Another term for an asymptomatic infection is a(n) ____ infection
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subclinical
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All of the following encourage the development of opportunistic pathogens EXCEPT:
changes in the host's normal microbiota. exposure to a nonliving reservoir. immune suppression in the host. invasion of an unusual body site by the normal microbiota. |
exposure to a nonliving reservoir.
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Only infectious diseases can be classified according to their longevity or severity.
True False |
False
All diseases can be classified according to their longevity or severity, and by other criteria |
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The number of new cases of a disease in a given population during a given period of time is called
morbidity. virulence. prevalence. incidence. |
incidence.
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A(n) _____ disease is one present at birth.
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congenital
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Why do many pathogens prefer the mucous membranes over the skin as a portal of entry?
Cells of mucous membranes are dead cells. Mucous membranes provide better attachment molecules because they are dry. Mucous membranes are not as contaminated as the skin. Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin. |
Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.
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Fecal-oral infection is a common type of waterborne disease transmission.
True False |
True
Feces-contaminated water can serve as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infection when it is ingested. |
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Which of the following would be classified as a sign of a disease?
diarrhea nausea headache chills |
diarrhea
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Epidemiologists are concerned with the study of only infectious disease transmission.
True False |
False
In the 20th century, epidemiologists expanded the scope of their studies to include deaths resulting from causes such as smoking, automobile accidents, and lead poisoning. |
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A(n) ______ is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular disease.
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syndrome
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