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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_______ classification is based on observable characteristics |
Phenetics |
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Bacteria divide by ________, some species do so every 15 minutes |
binary fission |
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___________ defined as collection of cells with an overall similar pattern of traits |
Bacterial species |
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Classification based on shapes, walls, enzymes, pigments, habitats, etc |
Phenetic Classification |
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–Based on genetic similarities •G + C content (> or < 50%) • Actual sequence of bases –Shows evolutionary relationship |
Phylogenetic Classification of Bacteria |
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Medical microbiologists group bacteria based on characteristics allowing for _________________ |
clinical identification |
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Diagnosis required ______ NOT ______. Diagnostic Scheme is more _______ |
identification; not classification; phenetic |
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Technological advancements are making it possible to use nucleic acid analysis for _______ classification and identification |
both |
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_______________ is a widely used referenceof bacterial classification and description |
Bergey’s Manual |
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Second edition of the manual ___________ reorganized classification, from the original ______ grouping to a molecular based __________ based scheme. |
Systematic bacteriology, phenetic, phylogenetic |
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The following is a timeline of significant events pertaining to the development of the field of Microbiology, including: (3 things) |
•the invention of tools used in study (technology) •some notable contributors to discovery based science •the traditional cultural views influencing development |
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____ used a compound microscope to see and name cells |
Robert Hooke |
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Laid groundwork for the concept that all living things are composed of cells; published Micrographia |
Robert Hooke |
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First compound microscope becomes available by: |
Zacharias Janssen |
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first to see living microorganisms |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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- powerful single lens microscope - meticulous (and passionate) description of animalcules |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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He recorded and reported his observations to the Royal Society of London but he did not sell or share the technology |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Historical Perspective: what did people believe? |
– people were not always aware of the existence of microbes or the cause of disease; relied on cultural myths, superstition |
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Two common beliefs |
Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) Miasma Theory of Disease (not a scientific theory |
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• Many people believed living organisms could arise from nonliving matter • ‘simple’ forms of life believed to arise from ‘vital forces’ present in nonliving or decomposing matter. |
Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) |
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• The cause of disease believed related to bad air • stench of filth and decay caused sickness‘the poisonous breath of creatures of the marshes’ |
Miasma Theory of Disease (not a scientific theory |
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Examples of Spontaneous Generation |
– maggots from meat, rats from rubbish, etc. » There was an actual recipe for making mice! |
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What is miasma |
bad air |
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Vital forces’ led to spontaneous creation, supported _________ |
the religious view of creation, proof of the presence of God in the world |
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•Stench causes disease, ___________ |
the filth of squalor stinks, impoverished suffered disproportionately. Pain and suffering viewed as punishment from God, stigma of poverty leads to separation of classes. |
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•Both use supernatural to explain ‘unknowable’ nature, ____________ |
people found comfort in tradition, belief in something (even if it is wrong) |
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Industrial revolution led to urban migration from rural areas: |
– overcrowded slums – inadequate sanitation – rapid spread of infectious diseases |
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Negative results (cons) of Miasma Theory |
–Belief in airborne miasma prevented surface sanitation •false knowledge is false security –Refusal to accept that diseases are transferred fromtouch, bodily fluids, ‘clean’materials, etc. •diseases continued to be spread |
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Positive results (pros) of Miasma Theory |
– Related filth to disease (odors?) •hygiene and sanitation improved – Quarantine of the sick (or dead) •helped prevent spread of disease (microbes) |
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___________ and others debated idea of spontaneous generation |
Francesco Redi |
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His simple experiment using meat helped settle debateregarding larger organisms but people still believed ________ could spontaneouslyform |
Francesco Redi; microbes |
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boiled infusions left open developed growth; which proved spontaneous generation was real |
John Needham |
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boiled in flask, no air, no growth (…no ‘vital force’?) to disprove spontaneous generation |
Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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–All life is cellular and living things can arise only from preexisting cells |
Biogenesis |
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–All life is cellular and living things can arise only from preexisting cells (BIOGENESIS) beginning stages of cell theory |
Rudolf Virchow |
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____________ demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air (and everywhere). –Offered evidence of biogenesis (1861). |
Louis Pasteur |
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•As a French chemist and professor, he addressed problems associated with local industries – wine and silk |
Louis Pasteur |
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•His discoveries led to the development of ______________ used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms |
aseptic techniques |
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Pasteur’s swan-neck flasks experiments finally _______________ |
laid to rest the ongoing debate over spontaneous generation (1861). |
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•identified several pathogens, developed vaccines, pasteurizationprocess |
Louis Pasteur |
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Describe Pasteur’sswan-neck flasks experiment |
Boiled broth in flasks left open, but not accessible to microbes |
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recognized hospitals as sources of infections (1843-44) •Use of hospitals, mainly by poor •Nosocomial infections, many deaths upward of 1 in 4 people would die in the hospital; home delivery death rate not as high |
Physicians Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis |
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•a prominent American obstetrician responded, ‘Doctors are gentlemen, and gentlemen’s hands are clean.’
- generated resentment |
Semmelweis' book: The Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever |
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•Use of _____________ had been suggested but was not widely implemented |
chemical hand washes (chlorine based) |
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•introduced use of carbolic acid on woundsand surgical equipment to prevent gangrene (1860s) |
Joseph Lister |
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–use effectively reduced post-operative fatalities –‘fatherofmodernantisepsis’ –early disinfectants were VERY toxic to users and chlorine was replaced |
Joseph Lister |
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demonstratedthat microorganisms cause disease; developed pure culture methods in lab |
Robert Koch |
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What is Koch Postulates? |
•a sequence of procedures to show a particular microorganism causes a particular disease |
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suggested the use of agar as a solid media |
Angelina Hesse |
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4 steps of Koch's Postulates |
1.Isolate the suspected agentfrom diseased victim 2.Grow in pure culture 3.Inoculate into healthyhost, show disease result 4. Isolate ‘same’ microbefrom new disease victim |
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___________ replaces scientific theology |
Scientific Method |
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–discovery based knowledge resulting from an objectiveapproach –observations of natural phenomena explained usinghypotheses and experimentation - the realm of science is limited to natural (testable) phenomen |
Scientific Method |
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_______________ became accepted by mid-century, but the ______________ remained a popular myth in regard to the cause of diseases until finally being replaced by the ____________ |
•The Cell Theory (biogenesis); Miasmas Theory of Disease; Germ Theory of Disease |
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the study of living organisms (and non-living entities) too small to be seen without magnification. |
microbiology |
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•Microbes include: |
•bacteria •archaea •viruses and prions •fungi •algae and protozoa •worms |
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3 important factors of microbes |
1. Microbes are ubiquitous, found in almost every habitat on Earth 2. Microbes have profoundecological impact 3. Microbes live in and on humansand other animals |
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___________ involve pathogens invadingsusceptible hosts. |
infectious diseases |
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_____ and _____ are factorsin determining whether a person will contract a disease. |
Microbial virulence and host susceptibility |
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is based on factors or properties that allow microbes to invade and cause harm |
virulence |
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is based on many factors: genetic, environmental, and individual. |
host susceptibility |
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The most common___________ are among the top ____ causes of death |
infectious diseases; 10 |
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__________ is a new or changing disease. |
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) |
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Contributing factors to EIDs -- ESSAY QUESTION |
1. habitat encroachment 2. advancements in technology 3. evolving microbes 4. human behavior |
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–Many useful products result from _________ |
microbial metabolism |
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examples of industrial uses of microbes |
•Fermented food products •Antibiotics and their derivatives •Vitamins •Enzymes and chemicals |
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–Unicellular, divide by binary fission –Cell walls with peptidoglycan –Lack a nucleus and membrane -enclosed intracellular structures –(Prokaryotic) –Many are motile by use of flagella –Absorb nutrients or make nutrients |
Bacteria |
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–Non-cellular infectious particles –Non-living obligateparasites |
Viruses and Prions |
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–No PG in walls and membranes are different –Genetically, metabolically, and ecologically very different –‘Extremophiles’,non-pathogenic |
Archaea |
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–Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, –Cell walls of chitin –Unicellular and multicellular –spore formers* |
Fungi |
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- Aquatic –Unicellular and multicellular –Cell wall and nucleus – Photosynthetic – Non-pathogenic* |
Algae |
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–Unicellular –Have a nucleus but lack cell walls –Ingest food (manyparasitic) –Some photosynthetic –Many are motile |
Protozoa |
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–Multicellular, nucleus, nocell wall –Complex lifecycles, microscopic stages –Motile –Ingest food –Parasitic* |
Helminths and Arthropods |
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–Field of systematics by which organisms are grouped based on commonalitiesstructural, ancestral, physiological, etc. |
Taxonomy |
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–Organisms are described and named for______________ |
universal identification |
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•All organisms share __________ characteristics |
basic |
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Why and how are there so many different types of organisms? |
WHY? Populations change gradually over time. To evolve is to change slowly’
HOW? Those That‘succeed’passalongtheirgenetics(survival capabilities), those that do not, ultimately perish -> Natural Selection |
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Survivalof the ___________allows for reproduction; reproduction allows for survival ofthe _______________. |
individual; population |
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•Early classification was based on grouping _____________ |
by similar features |
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–5 Kingdom system adopted –Thena new type of organism was discovered: the __________. –New criteria needed to distinguish and relate organisms6 |
Archaea |
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An evolutionary phylogenetic model proposed by __________ and others; introduced a 3 domain system |
Carl Woese |
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An evolutionary phylogenetic model proposed by Carl Woese and others is based on: 5 things |
–differences in the sequences ofnucleotides inthe cell's rRNA –presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall –presence of a nucleus –the cell's membrane lipidstructure –sensitivity to antibiotics |
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What are the 3 domains? |
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
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_________________ refers to the evolutionary relationshipsbetween organisms. |
Phylogeny |
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______________ (phylogenetic tree) represents diversification along a timeline |
Cladogram |
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•All new species originate from preexisting species. –Closely related organism have similar features becausethey evolved from common ancestral formsa |
Biogenesis |
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______________ developed a classification scheme for all living organisms |
Carolus Linnaeus |
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________________ describes a hierarchy of life thought to reflectthe divineorderoftheuniverse(nature’sprogression) |
systema naturae |
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•A hierarchical scheme subdivides a _____into smaller ______ |
taxon; taxa |
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Taxonomic organization from largest to most specific |
Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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•Species designation is based on: |
2 part naming system genus - noun, always capitalized specific epithet- descriptive, representative, lowercase both italicized or underlined |
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•Classification of bacteria is traditionally (and clinically) ________ not ________ |
phenetic, not phylogenetic |