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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

_______ classification is based on observable characteristics

Phenetics

Bacteria divide by ________, some species do so every 15 minutes

binary fission

___________ defined as collection of cells with an overall similar pattern of traits

Bacterial species

Classification based on shapes, walls, enzymes, pigments, habitats, etc

Phenetic Classification

–Based on genetic similarities




•G + C content (> or < 50%)


• Actual sequence of bases




–Shows evolutionary relationship

Phylogenetic Classification of Bacteria

Medical microbiologists group bacteria based on characteristics allowing for _________________

clinical identification

Diagnosis required ______ NOT ______. Diagnostic Scheme is more _______

identification; not classification; phenetic

Technological advancements are making it possible to use nucleic acid analysis for _______ classification and identification

both

_______________ is a widely used referenceof bacterial classification and description

Bergey’s Manual

Second edition of the manual ___________ reorganized classification, from the original ______ grouping to a molecular based __________ based scheme.

Systematic bacteriology, phenetic, phylogenetic

The following is a timeline of significant events pertaining to the development of the field of Microbiology, including: (3 things)

•the invention of tools used in study (technology)




•some notable contributors to discovery based science




•the traditional cultural views influencing development

____ used a compound microscope to see and name cells

Robert Hooke

Laid groundwork for the concept that all living things are composed of cells; published Micrographia

Robert Hooke

First compound microscope becomes available by:

Zacharias Janssen

first to see living microorganisms

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

- powerful single lens microscope


- meticulous (and passionate) description of animalcules

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He recorded and reported his observations to the Royal Society of London but he did not sell or share the technology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Historical Perspective: what did people believe?

– people were not always aware of the existence of microbes or the cause of disease; relied on cultural myths, superstition

Two common beliefs

Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)




Miasma Theory of Disease (not a scientific theory

• Many people believed living organisms could arise from nonliving matter




• ‘simple’ forms of life believed to arise from ‘vital forces’ present in nonliving or decomposing matter.

Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

• The cause of disease believed related to bad air




• stench of filth and decay caused sickness‘the poisonous breath of creatures of the marshes’

Miasma Theory of Disease (not a scientific theory

Examples of Spontaneous Generation

– maggots from meat, rats from rubbish, etc.




» There was an actual recipe for making mice!

What is miasma

bad air

Vital forces’ led to spontaneous creation, supported _________

the religious view of creation, proof of the presence of God in the world

•Stench causes disease, ___________

the filth of squalor stinks, impoverished suffered disproportionately.




Pain and suffering viewed as punishment from God, stigma of poverty leads to separation of classes.

•Both use supernatural to explain ‘unknowable’ nature, ____________

people found comfort in tradition, belief in something (even if it is wrong)

Industrial revolution led to urban migration from rural areas:

– overcrowded slums


– inadequate sanitation


– rapid spread of infectious diseases

Negative results (cons) of Miasma Theory

–Belief in airborne miasma prevented surface sanitation


•false knowledge is false security




–Refusal to accept that diseases are transferred fromtouch, bodily fluids, ‘clean’materials, etc.


•diseases continued to be spread

Positive results (pros) of Miasma Theory

– Related filth to disease (odors?)


•hygiene and sanitation improved




– Quarantine of the sick (or dead)


•helped prevent spread of disease (microbes)

___________ and others debated idea of spontaneous generation

Francesco Redi

His simple experiment using meat helped settle debateregarding larger organisms but people still believed ________ could spontaneouslyform

Francesco Redi; microbes

boiled infusions left open developed growth; which proved spontaneous generation was real

John Needham

boiled in flask, no air, no growth (…no ‘vital force’?) to disprove spontaneous generation

Lazzaro Spallanzani

–All life is cellular and living things can arise only from preexisting cells

Biogenesis

–All life is cellular and living things can arise only from preexisting cells (BIOGENESIS)


beginning stages of cell theory

Rudolf Virchow

____________ demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air (and everywhere).


–Offered evidence of biogenesis (1861).

Louis Pasteur

•As a French chemist and professor, he addressed problems associated with local industries – wine and silk

Louis Pasteur

•His discoveries led to the development of ______________ used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms

aseptic techniques

Pasteur’s swan-neck flasks experiments finally _______________

laid to rest the ongoing debate over spontaneous generation (1861).

•identified several pathogens, developed vaccines, pasteurizationprocess

Louis Pasteur

Describe Pasteur’sswan-neck flasks experiment

Boiled broth in flasks left open, but not accessible to microbes

recognized hospitals as sources of infections (1843-44)


•Use of hospitals, mainly by poor


•Nosocomial infections, many deaths




upward of 1 in 4 people would die in the hospital; home delivery death rate not as high

Physicians Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

•a prominent American obstetrician responded, ‘Doctors are gentlemen, and gentlemen’s hands are clean.’



- generated resentment

Semmelweis' book: The Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever

•Use of _____________ had been suggested but was not widely implemented

chemical hand washes (chlorine based)

•introduced use of carbolic acid on woundsand surgical equipment to prevent gangrene (1860s)

Joseph Lister

–use effectively reduced post-operative fatalities


–‘fatherofmodernantisepsis’


–early disinfectants were VERY toxic to users and chlorine was replaced

Joseph Lister

demonstratedthat microorganisms cause disease; developed pure culture methods in lab

Robert Koch

What is Koch Postulates?

•a sequence of procedures to show a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

suggested the use of agar as a solid media

Angelina Hesse

4 steps of Koch's Postulates

1.Isolate the suspected agentfrom diseased victim


2.Grow in pure culture


3.Inoculate into healthyhost, show disease result


4. Isolate ‘same’ microbefrom new disease victim

___________ replaces scientific theology

Scientific Method

–discovery based knowledge resulting from an objectiveapproach




–observations of natural phenomena explained usinghypotheses and experimentation


- the realm of science is limited to natural (testable) phenomen

Scientific Method

_______________ became accepted by mid-century, but the ______________ remained a popular myth in regard to the cause of diseases until finally being replaced by the ____________

•The Cell Theory (biogenesis); Miasmas Theory of Disease; Germ Theory of Disease

the study of living organisms (and non-living entities) too small to be seen without magnification.

microbiology

•Microbes include:

•bacteria


•archaea


•viruses and prions


•fungi


•algae and protozoa


•worms

3 important factors of microbes

1. Microbes are ubiquitous, found in almost every habitat on Earth




2. Microbes have profoundecological impact




3. Microbes live in and on humansand other animals

___________ involve pathogens invadingsusceptible hosts.

infectious diseases

_____ and _____ are factorsin determining whether a person will contract a disease.

Microbial virulence and host susceptibility

is based on factors or properties that allow microbes to invade and cause harm

virulence

is based on many factors: genetic, environmental, and individual.

host susceptibility

The most common___________ are among the top ____ causes of death

infectious diseases; 10

__________ is a new or changing disease.

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

Contributing factors to EIDs -- ESSAY QUESTION

1. habitat encroachment


2. advancements in technology


3. evolving microbes


4. human behavior

–Many useful products result from _________

microbial metabolism

examples of industrial uses of microbes

•Fermented food products


•Antibiotics and their derivatives


•Vitamins


•Enzymes and chemicals

–Unicellular, divide by binary fission


–Cell walls with peptidoglycan


–Lack a nucleus and membrane


-enclosed intracellular structures


–(Prokaryotic)


–Many are motile by use of flagella


–Absorb nutrients or make nutrients

Bacteria

–Non-cellular infectious particles


–Non-living obligateparasites

Viruses and Prions

–No PG in walls and membranes are different


–Genetically, metabolically, and ecologically very different


–‘Extremophiles’,non-pathogenic

Archaea

–Eukaryotic, heterotrophic,


–Cell walls of chitin


–Unicellular and multicellular


–spore formers*

Fungi

- Aquatic


–Unicellular and multicellular


–Cell wall and nucleus


– Photosynthetic


– Non-pathogenic*

Algae

–Unicellular


–Have a nucleus but lack cell walls


–Ingest food (manyparasitic)


–Some photosynthetic


–Many are motile

Protozoa

–Multicellular, nucleus, nocell wall


–Complex lifecycles, microscopic stages


–Motile


–Ingest food


–Parasitic*

Helminths and Arthropods

–Field of systematics by which organisms are grouped based on commonalitiesstructural, ancestral, physiological, etc.

Taxonomy

–Organisms are described and named for______________

universal identification

•All organisms share __________ characteristics

basic

Why and how are there so many different types of organisms?

WHY?


Populations change gradually over time. To evolve is to change slowly’




HOW?


Those That‘succeed’passalongtheirgenetics(survival capabilities), those that do not, ultimately perish -> Natural Selection

Survivalof the ___________allows for reproduction; reproduction allows for survival ofthe _______________.

individual; population

•Early classification was based on grouping _____________

by similar features

–5 Kingdom system adopted




–Thena new type of organism was discovered: the __________.




–New criteria needed to distinguish and relate organisms6

Archaea

An evolutionary phylogenetic model proposed by __________ and others; introduced a 3 domain system

Carl Woese

An evolutionary phylogenetic model proposed by Carl Woese and others is based on: 5 things

–differences in the sequences ofnucleotides inthe cell's rRNA


–presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall


–presence of a nucleus


–the cell's membrane lipidstructure


–sensitivity to antibiotics

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

_________________ refers to the evolutionary relationshipsbetween organisms.

Phylogeny

______________ (phylogenetic tree) represents diversification along a timeline

Cladogram

•All new species originate from preexisting species.




–Closely related organism have similar features becausethey evolved from common ancestral formsa

Biogenesis

______________ developed a classification scheme for all living organisms

Carolus Linnaeus

________________ describes a hierarchy of life thought to reflectthe divineorderoftheuniverse(nature’sprogression)

systema naturae

•A hierarchical scheme subdivides a _____into smaller ______

taxon; taxa

Taxonomic organization from largest to most specific

Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

•Species designation is based on:

2 part naming system




genus - noun, always capitalized


specific epithet- descriptive, representative, lowercase




both italicized or underlined

•Classification of bacteria is traditionally (and clinically) ________ not ________

phenetic, not phylogenetic