Microbiology Chap 5/6, Part Of 21

Front 1

Types of anaerobic respiration

Back 1

fermentation
respiration

Front 2

In Anaerobic respiration

Back 2

an inorganic molecule is the final electron acceptor

Front 3

Examples of Inorganic electron acceptors

Back 3

nitrate: becomes nitrite
sulfate: becomes Hydrogen Sulfide

Front 4

ATP yield is lower in anaerobic respiration because

Back 4

only part of the Kreb's Cycle runs under anaerobic conditions

Front 5

Fermentation

Back 5

1) does not require Oxygen
2) used organic molecules as the final electron acceptor
3) does not use Kreb's Cycle or Electron Transport Chain
4) Diversity of End Products

Front 6

Fermentation only uses

Back 6

Glycolysis for ATP production

Front 7

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 7

a catobolic process beginning with glycolysis that produces lactic acid to reoxidize NADH

Front 8

2 Lactic Acid Genre Bacteria

Back 8

Streptococcus
Lactobacillus

Front 9

Products of Glycolysis

Back 9

2 ATP
2 NADH

Front 10

Chemiosmosis

Back 10

is an electron transport chain

Front 11

NADH

Back 11

example of high energy electron carrier

Front 12

High electron energy carriers

Back 12

bring electrons to the transport chain.

Front 13

In fermentation, pyruvate

Back 13

takes extra electrons and is reduced to lactate

Front 14

alcohol fermentation

Back 14

catabolic process, beginning with glycolysis that produces ethyl alcohol to reoxidize NADH

Front 15

What is NADH used for in Fermentation?

Back 15

To reduce pyruvic acid to either lactic acid or alcohol.

Front 16

Glycolysis occurs where in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Back 16

cytoplasm

Front 17

Preparatory Step occurs where?

Back 17

in Eukaryotes: mitochondria
in Prokaryotes: Cytosol

Front 18

Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?

Back 18

in Eukaryotes: matrix of mitochondria
in Prokaryotes: Cytosol

Front 19

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

Back 19

in Eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane
in Prokaryotes: plasma membrane

Front 20

ATP Yield and NADH in Glycolysis for one glucose molecule

Back 20

8 ATP
2 NADH

Front 21

ATP Yield and NADH in Preparatory Step for one glucose molecule

Back 21

6 ATP
2 NADH

Front 22

ATP Yield, FADH2 and NADH in Hreb's Cyclefor one glucose molecule

Back 22

24 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

Front 23

ATP Yield from Glycolysis by Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Back 23

2 ATP

Front 24

ATP Yield from Glycolysis by Oxidative Level Phosphorylation

Back 24

from NADH: 6 ATP

Front 25

ATP Yield from Intermediate Step by Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Back 25

0 ATP

Front 26

ATP Yield from Intermediate Step by Oxidative Level Phosphorylation

Back 26

From NADH: 6 ATP

Front 27

ATP Yield from Kreb's Cycle by Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Back 27

from NADH: 18 ATP
from FADH: 4 ATP

Front 28

Total ATP in Prokaryotic Cells

Back 28

38 ATP
4 by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
30 from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation
4 from FADH in oxidative phosphorylation

Front 29

Amylases are used for the digestion of

Back 29

starch AKA Amylose

Front 30

Cellulase for digestion of

Back 30

cellulose
polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants

Front 31

Enzyme Cellulase is found only in

Back 31

bacteria and fungi

Front 32

biochemical test

Back 32

used to identify bacteria and yeasts since they produce different enzymes

Front 33

phototroph

Back 33

organism that uses light as its energy source

Front 34

Chemotroph

Back 34

organism that uses oxidation-reduction reactions as its primary source of energy

Front 35

Autotrophs

Back 35

organism that uses carbon dioxide as its principle carbon source

Front 36

heterotrophs

Back 36

organism that requires an organic carbon source

Front 37

chemoheterotoph

Back 37

orgamism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energgy
most medically important bacteria

Front 38

definition of respiration

Back 38

carrier molecules with an inorganic molecule as it's final electron acceptor

Front 39

Physical requirements for microbial growth

Back 39

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

Front 40

Chemical requirements for microbial growth

Back 40

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, trace elements and organic growth factors

Front 41

Psychrotrophs

Back 41

organism that is capable of growing between 0 and 30 degrees celsius
AKA spoilage microorganisms

Front 42

mesophiles

Back 42

organism capable of growing from 25-40 degrees celsius, most common type of microbe

Front 43

thermophiles

Back 43

microorganisms capable of growing at high temps
used in Polymerase Chain Reactions

Front 44

optimum growth temperature

Back 44

temp at which the species grows best

Front 45

minimum growth temperature

Back 45

lowest temp at which the species will grow

Front 46

maximum growth temperature

Back 46

highest temperature at which growth is possible for a species

Front 47

microbial growth increases

Back 47

cell number not cell size

Front 48

most bacteria grow best in what pH range and are called______

Back 48

6.5-7.5
neutrophiles
medically important

Front 49

Acidophiles

Back 49

tolerant of acidity or thrive in it, pH range is 1-5

Front 50

Molds and yeast grow best at what pH

Back 50

5-6

Front 51

hypertonic environments (increased salt or sugar) causes

Back 51

plasmolysis

Front 52

plasmolysis

Back 52

loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment

Front 53

obligate halophiles

Back 53

organism that requires high osmotic pressure such as high concentrations of NaCl
Love hypertonic solutions

Front 54

faculative halophiles

Back 54

can but does not have to live in a salty environment. ie : S. Aureus

Front 55

most important requirement for microbial growth besides water is

Back 55

carbon

Front 56

Other elements needed for microbial growth

Back 56

nitrogen: needed for DNA/RNA synthesis, makes of 14% of the dry weight

phosphorus: synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids of cell membranes

sulfur: synthesize some amino acids and vitamins

Front 57

obligate Aerobes

Back 57

organism that requires molecular 02 to live

example: Psuedomonas ceruginosa

growth occurs where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium

Front 58

faculative Anaerobes

Back 58

can grow both with and without oxygen, grows best with it

example: E. COli, S. Aureus

growth is best where the most oxygen is present, but there is growth throughout the tube

Front 59

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 59

does not use oxygen and is killed by the presence of it

example: Clostridium

growth only occurs where there is no oxygen

Front 60

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Back 60

does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by its presence


growth occurs evenly

Front 61

Microaerophiles

Back 61

grows best in an environment with less oxygen than is normally found in air

example: H. pylori

Front 62

toxic forms of oxygen

Back 62

have free electrons and are extremely interactive

Front 63

superoxide radicals

Back 63

toxic anion O2 with an unpaired electron

found in small amounts during normal respiration

Front 64

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Back 64

an enzyme that destroys superoxide, convertinh it into peroxide and oxygen

Front 65

hydrogen peroxide anion
H2O2 is also

Back 65

toxic and must be broken up

Front 66

catalase

Back 66

enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Front 67

peroxidase

Back 67

enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide

Front 68

free radical

Back 68

singe electron

Front 69

quorum sensing

Back 69

cell to cell chemical communication

Front 70

biofilms

Back 70

microbial communities that form slime or hydrogels and share nutrients
cause most nosocomial infections

Front 71

nosocomial infection

Back 71

hospital acquired infection

Front 72

skin acts as

Back 72

a protective barrier keeping out water and bacteria

Front 73

how does bacteria enter through the skin?

Back 73

abrasions and @ hair follicle

Front 74

sebum has amino acids and lipids in it enabling the bacteria

Back 74

to use it for food

Front 75

major bacteria on the skin

Back 75

Staph

Front 76

30% of the population are carriers for

Back 76

S. Aureus

Front 77

epidermis

Back 77

thin outer portion of skin composed of layers of epithelial cells

Front 78

keratin

Back 78

protein found in epidermis, hair and nails, makes it hard, composed of dead cells

Front 79

dermis

Back 79

inner relatively thick portion of the skin composed mainly of connective tissue

Front 80

sebum

Back 80

secreted by sebaceous gland (oil gland) and can be used as food for microorganisms

Front 81

mucous membrane

Back 81

line body cavities that are "open" to the outside
ie: GI Tract, respiratory tract, urinary and genital tracts

some of the cells secrete mucous

Front 82

surface area of mucous membrane

Back 82

400 meters squared
they are often folded to maximize surface area

surface area is much more than that of skin

Front 83

normal microbiota of the skin

Back 83

1) prevent colonization by pathogens
2) contain generally large
numbers of gram positive bacteria, salt tolerant
3) Some fungi

Front 84

examples of gram positive bacteria

Back 84

staphylococci
micrococci
diptheroids

Front 85

diptheroids

Back 85

pleomorphic rods that inhabit hair follicles

non-motile

Front 86

examples of diptheroids

Back 86

Corynebacterium xerosis
Propionibacterium acnes

Front 87

Corynebacterium xerosis

Back 87

aerobes on the skin surface

Front 88

Propionibacterium acnes

Back 88

anaerobic and found in hair follicles
associated with acne and odor

Front 89

Staphylococci, Micrococci and Fungi

Back 89

1) universally present
2) salt tolerant
3) prevents colonization of pathogens

Front 90

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Back 90

tiny yeasts universally present
mostly harmless but can cause dandruff