Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Role and impact of microbes on the earth |
They insulate the earth with the gas they produce. Bacteria/fungi help plants get nutrients and fight disease. They perform 70% of earth's photosynthesis. |
|
What is the theory of Evolution |
The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to there environment. It is a theory because it's been well studied/established/tested. |
|
Explain the ways humans manipulate organisms for their own use. |
Food production Treatment of wounds Mining/cleaning up human created contamination. GMO'S Recombinant DNA Bio Remediation |
|
Pathogens |
Microbes that cause disease. Over 2,000 types Most common worldwide cause of death Lowered immune systems make humans more susceptible to typical "harmless" microbes. Increase of microbe resiliency to drugs. |
|
Virus |
Not independently living cellular organisms. Sized inbetween large molecules and cells. |
|
Bacteria |
Single celled, not true nucleus, lack organelles. 10 x smaller than eukaryotic cells |
|
Archaea |
Single celled, no true nucleus, lack organelles, 10 x smaller than eukaryotic cells. Extremophiles. Distinctly different from bactetia. |
|
Eukaryotic microorganisms |
Small minority compared to bacteria and archaea. Contian a nucleus and organelles. Some are microscopic some are macroscopic. |
|
Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides-glucose and fructose Disacharides-maltose,lactose,sucrose Polysaccharides-starch,cellulose,glycogen |
|
Lipids |
Triglycerides-fats,oils Phospholipids Waxes-mycolic acid Steriods-cholesterol, ergosterol |
|
Protiens |
Enzymes- part of cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes and antibodies. |
|
Nucleic acids |
DNA-chromosomes, genetic materiel of viruses RNA- mRNA tRNA rRNA small RNA |
|
Primary Structure of Protien Structure |
Type number, and order of amino acids in the chain. |
|
Secondary structure of protien |
Hydrogen bonds form on the amino acid chain causing the chain to twist into a: beta-pleated sheet, alpha helix, or random coil. |
|
Tertiary structure of protien |
Additional bonds between functional groups. |
|
Quaternary Structure of Protien |
More than one polypeptide forms a large multi unit protien |
|
What is a nucleotide? |
Nucleotide is composed of a: phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base. |
|
DNA |
Contains bases Adenine,Thymine,Cytosine, guanine. Shaped in a double helix. |
|
RNA |
Contains bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Single stranded. |
|
How does A&P store and release energy. |
Third hydrogen bond releases alot of energy when broken. Third phosphate is easily added and broken. |
|
3 characteristics common to all living cells |
1.Tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical or cylindrical. 2. Their protoplasm (internal cell contents) are encased in a cell or cytoplasmic membrane. 3.Contain chromosomes containing DNA and ribosomes for protien synthesis |
|
Taxonomy |
The science of classifying living beings. |
|
Nomenclature |
The assignment of scientific names to the various Taxonomic categories and to individual organisms. |
|
Classification |
The orderly arrangement of organisms into a heiarchy. |
|
Taxonomic Categories in order |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
|
Binomial name order |
Genus, Species |
|
Traditional approach to taxonomy |
Approach to taxonomy were based on basic principles: shape, function and whether or not it has a nucleus. |
|
Molecular approach to taxonomy |
Puts more emphasis on how the genetic material is used and expressed in organisms. |
|
Phylogeny |
Taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between. Groups of living beings. |
|
Five I's Inoculation |
To grow/culture microorganisms, one introduces a tiny sample into a container of nutrient medium. |
|
Five I's Incubation |
An inoculated nutrient medium it is placed in a temperature-controlled chamber to encourage growth. |
|
Five I's Isolation |
Separating bacteria from each other where they can grow a colony. Iso techniques: streak plate, loop dilation, and spread plate. |
|
Fives I's Inspection |
Cultures are observed microscopically for growth characteristics that could be useful in identifying the specimen contents. |
|
Five I's Identification |
To be able to determine the specimen |
|
Liquid Media State |
Water based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and tend to flow freely when moving container. |
|
Semi-solid Media State |
More body than liquid media but less than solid media. Has a soft clot like structure at room temperature |
|
Solid/Reversible to Liquid Media State |
Contains 1-5% agar, are solid enough to remain in place when container is moved. Can be liquefied with heat, poured into a container and resolidified |
|
Selective Medium |
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes. It encourages or selects certain microbes to grow. Used with saliva and feces alot |
|
Differential Medium |
Allow multiple microbes to grow but are designed to display visible differences in how they grow. Ex. 3 organisms grow in one petri dish but all three show different reactions. |
|
Defined/synthetic media |
Composition is precisely chemically defined. Contain pure/inorganic compounds that vary little. |
|
Complex media |
Composition cannot be precisely defined. Ex. When you add plant/animale tissue to media. |
|
3 elements of good microscopy Magnification |
Two phases:real/virtual image. Total Magnification is total of both. |
|
3 elements of good microscopy Resolution |
Resolving power: ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects. |
|
3 elements of good microscopy Contrast |
Refractive inde: degree of bending that light undergoes as it passes from one medium to another. The higher the differences in refractive index, the sharper the contrast. Iris diaphram: to much light can can reduce contrast. |
|
Simple stain |
One dye used in an simple procedure. Crystal violet and methylane blue stain |
|
Differential stain |
Use two differently colored stains to distinguish between cell parts. Ex: Gram stains, Acid fast stain, endoscope stain. |
|
Special Stain |
Used to emphasize cell parts not revealed by conventional techniques. Ex. India ink capsule stain, flagellar stain. |
|
All bacteria contain |
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, chromosomes. |
|
Most bacteria contain |
Cell wall, glycocalyx |
|
Some bacteria contain |
Flagella, pilli, and fimbriae, outer membrane, plasmids, inclusions,endospores, intracellular membrane. |
|
Cocci shape of bacteria |
Circular |
|
Baccili shape of bacteria |
Rod shaped |
|
Spirilla shaped bacteria |
Spirilla shape |
|
Spirochete shape |
Long spirilled mobile |
|
Diplo cell arrangement |
Pair of cells |
|
Strepto cell arrangement |
Chain of cells |
|
Palisades cell arrangement |
Cells in a change attached by a hinge |
|
Staphlo cell arrangement |
Irregular clusters |
|
Tetrad cell arrangement |
Groups of four |
|
Flagella structure and function |
Main function is taxa. Monotrichous-single flagellum Lopotrichous-small bunches emerging from same sight Amphitrichous- flagella at both poles |
|
Periplasmic flagella |
Internal flagellum enclosed in the space between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. |
|
Fimbrea |
Small bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface. Allows tight adhesion between fimbre a and epithelial cells. |
|
Pilus/pili |
Used in the sharing of genetic material between cells |
|
Bacteria have: |
Single or few chromosomes 70s ribosomes Peptidoglycan in cell walls Fatty acids in cytoplasmic membrane |
|
Archaea have: |
Single/ circular chromosomes 70s ribosomes but structured similar to 80s Hydrocarbons in cytoplasmic membrane Protien synthesis similar to eukaryotes. |
|
Eukarya have: |
Multiple linear chromosomes 80s ribosomes Fatty acids are cytoplasmic membrane lipids Sterols present in membrane Membrane bound organelles |
|
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology |
Comprehensive view of bacterial relatedness. Phenotypic information with rRNA sequencing. |
|
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
Based entirely on phenotypic characteristics. Categorizes bactetia based on traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs. |
|
Gracilicutes |
Gram- with thin cell wall |
|
Firmicutes |
Gram+ with thick cell walls |
|
Ternicutes |
Lack a cell wall and are soft |
|
Mendosicutes |
Archaea, primitive cells with unusual cell walls and nutritional habbits. |
|
Species in terms of bacteria |
A collection of bacterial cells which all share an overall similar pattern of traits. |
|
Eukaryotic flagella |
Thicker x10, more complex, covered by extension of cell membrane |
|
Bacterial Flagella |
Simple, protrudes from cell wall. |
|
Fungi: Cell Wall |
Rigid/provides structural support and shape. Different chemical composition from prokaryotic cell walls. |
|
Protozoan: Glycocalyx |
Comes into direct contact with environment. Contributes to protection, adherence, and reception. |
|
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane |
Lipid bilateral with protien molecules embedded. Contains alot of Sterols. Selectively permeable. Sterols give rigidity to stabilize membrane. |
|
Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane |
Lipid bilayer serves as site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, sythesis. Regulates transport of nutrients and wastes. Selectively permeable. Does not contian many sterols. |
|
Benifits of Fungi |
Decompose organic matter. Form stable associations with plant roots and increase ability to absorb water and nutrients. GMOed to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alchohol, organic acids and vitamins. |
|
Harmful Effects of Fungi |
Rot fresh produce during shipping 300 species cause human disease Cause allergies Produce deadly toxins |
|
General feature of fungal anatomy MYCELIUM |
Woven intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of a colony or mold. |
|
General feature of fungal anatomy Hyphae |
Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi/molds. Cottony,hairy, velvety texture. |
|
General feature of fungal anatomy Yeast Cells |
Colonies are bacteria-like, have a soft uniform texture and appearance. |
|
Asexual fungal spore formation |
Sporogenesis: formed by successive cleavage within a sac like head attached to a stalk. Canidiospore: free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac. Develop either pinching of the tip. |
|
Sexual fungal spore formation |
The nature of sexual SF varies from simple fusion of fertile hyphae of two different strains to a complex union of differentiated male and female structures and the development of special fruiting structures. |
|
Protozoan Characteristics |
Catorigized together because of similar characteristics rather than genetic relatedness. Single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts. Greek name from "first animales" |
|
Protozoan locomotion mechanisms |
Psuedopods (false feet) Flagella Cillia |
|
Cyst stage of protists |
The resistant, dormant stage of a cystoscope is triggered when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Important factor of the spread of disease. |
|
2 Major Groups of Helminths |
Flat worms: divided into cestodes and trematodes. Very thin segmented bodies. Round Worms (Nematodes): elongated, cylindrical, non-segmented body. |
|
Helminths Life Cycle |
Fertilized egg-> larval-> adult stages Helminths must complete the life cycle by transmitting an infective form. Usually an egg or larva to the body of another host. |