Microbiology Ch. 21 (Final Exam)

Front 1

decrease or loss of virulence

Back 1

attenuation

Front 2

the presence of microorganisms in the blood

Back 2

bacteremia

Front 3

dense, well-defined polysaccharide or protein layer closely surrounding a cell

Back 3

capsule

Front 4

multiplication of a pathogen after it has gained access to host tissues

Back 4

colonization

Front 5

tooth decay resulting from bacterial infection

Back 5

dental caries

Front 6

bacterial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers and salivary products, found on the teeth

Back 6

dental plaque

Front 7

injury to the host that impairs host function

Back 7

disease

Front 8

the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell envelope of certain gram-negative bacteria, which acts as a toxin when solubilized

Back 8

endotoxin

Front 9

protein released extracellularly by a microorganism as it grows that produces immediate host cell damage

Back 9

extoxin

Front 10

an abnormal increase in body temperature

Back 10

fever

Front 11

a loose network of polymer fibers extending outward from the cell

Back 11

glycocalyx

Front 12

an organism that harbors a parasite

Back 12

host

Front 13

growth of organisms in the host

Back 13

infection

Front 14

host response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Back 14

inflammation

Front 15

pathogenicity caused by the ability of a pathogen to enter the body and spread

Back 15

invasiveness

Front 16

nucleated cells found in the blood (white blood cells)

Back 16

leukocytes

Front 17

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Back 17

lower respiratory tract

Front 18

layers of epithelial cells that interact with the external environment

Back 18

mucous membrane

Front 19

soluble glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells that coat the mucous membranes

Back 19

mucus

Front 20

microorganisms that are usually found associated with healthy body tissue

Back 20

normal flora

Front 21

an organism that grows in or on a host and damages the host

Back 21

parasite

Front 22

a microbial parasite that does harm to a host

Back 22

pathogen

Front 23

the ability of a parasite to inflict damage on the host

Back 23

pathogenicity

Front 24

a diffuse mat of polymer fibers surrounding cells that appear anattached to a single cell

Back 24

slime layer

Front 25

pathogenicity caused by toxins produced by a pathogen

Back 25

toxicity

Front 26

the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and throat

Back 26

upper repiratory tract

Front 27

the degree of pathogenicity produced by a pathogen

Back 27

virulence

Front 28

what is the difference between a parasite and a pathogen?

Back 28

a pathogen is a microbial parasite, while a parasite can be any organism that damages a host organism.

Front 29

what determines the outcome of a host-parasite relationship?

Back 29

the pathogenicity of the parasite and the resistance or susceptibility of the host to that parasite.

Front 30

can be expressed as the cell number that will elicit a pathenogenic response in a host within a given time period

Back 30

virulence

Front 31

refers to any situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in a host, whether or not the host is harmed

Back 31

infection

Front 32

damage or injury to the host that impairs host function

Back 32

disease

Front 33

what is the difference between infection and disease?

Back 33

infection is a growth of organisms in the host whether or not it causes disease. disease is the damage caused.

Front 34

why are animal bodies favorable environments for the growth of microorganisms?

Back 34

rich in organic nutrients; also, relatively constant conditions of pH, osmotic pressure, and temperature.

Front 35

the process by which pathogens penetrate the epithelium to initiate pathogenicity

Back 35

invasion

Front 36

a measure of virulence - the dose of an agent that kills 50% of the animals in a test group

Back 36

LD(sub)50

Front 37

the ability of an organism to cause disease by means of a preformed toxin that inhibits host cell function or kills host cells

Back 37

toxicity

Front 38

the ability of an organism to grow in host tissue in such large number that the pathogen inhibits host function

Back 38

invasiveness

Front 39

pathogen-produced extracellular proteins that aid in the establishment and maintenance of disease

Back 39

virulence factors

Front 40

fibrin-clotting enzyme produced by pathonogenic Staphylococcus aureus

Back 40

coagulase

Front 41

fibrinolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus pyogenes

Back 41

streptokinase

Front 42

proteins released extracellularly as the organism grows. these toxins may travel from a focus of infection to distant parts of the body and cause damage in regions far removed from the site of microbial growth.

Back 42

exotoxins

Front 43

exotoxin produced by various pathogens that is able to act on the animal cytoplasmic membrane, causing cell lysis / cell death.

Back 43

cytolytic toxins

Front 44

these two toxins both block the release of neurotransmitters involved in muscle control

Back 44

botulism and tetanus toxin

Front 45

exotoxin that consists of two covalently bonded subunits. one subunit binds to the cell surface receptor, allowing the transfer of the other subunit across the cell membrane, where it functions to damage the cell

Back 45

A-B toxins

Front 46

exotoxin that works by enzymatically attacking cell constituents, causing cell lysis

Back 46

cytolytic toxins

Front 47

exotoxin that operates by stimulating large numbers of immune response cells resulting in extensive inflammatory reactions

Back 47

superantigen toxins

Front 48

toxin that causes muscle paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the CNS

Back 48

botulism toxin

Front 49

toxin that causes extreme muscle twitches or a constant contraction by binding to inhibitory interneurons and preventing the release of glycine and relaxation of muscle

Back 49

tetanus toxin

Front 50

enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae that results in extreme dehydration of host

Back 50

cholera

Front 51

exotoxins that act on the small intestine; generally cause a massive secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen leading to vomiting and diarrhea and general dehydration

Back 51

enterotoxins

Front 52

gram-negative bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides as part of the outer layer of their cell envelope, which under many conditions are toxic; these are called _____ because they are generally cell-bound and released in large amounts only when cells are lysed.

Back 52

endotoxins

Front 53

the toxicity of endotoxins is more than/less than that of exotoxins?

Back 53

less than (by a very large factor)

Front 54

the lysis of endotoxin containing bacteria usually results in localized or systemic toxic effects in host?

Back 54

systemic (fever, for example)

Front 55

age, stress, and diet may all be factors in the ______ of a human to a specific pathogen

Back 55

susceptibility

Front 56

hormone produced during stressful situations that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Back 56

cortisone

the suppression of the normal defense of inflammation results in an increase of susceptibility to a pathogen.

Front 57

refers to hosts in which one or more resistance mechanisms are inactive and the probability of infection is increased

Back 57

compromised host

Front 58

nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens

Back 58

inflammation

Front 59

the mediators of inflammation, a protein group produced by a leukocytes

Back 59

cytokines

Front 60

systemic inflammation; this is a life-threatening condition that occurs when inflammatory responses are not contained at a local site

Back 60

septic shock