Microbiology Ch. 1,2,4,5,6

Front 1

What is microbiology?

Back 1

The study of small life such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and protozoa.

Front 2

What are bacteria?

Back 2

Single cell prokaryotes widely distributed in environment; a very small percent cause human disease.

Front 3

What are viruses?

Back 3

nucleic acids surrounded by proteins; infects a living cell and uses the cell's equipment to replicate. Dangerous to human cells.

Front 4

What is algae?

Back 4

single or multi cell eukaryotes; make their own food and are found in a lot of water environments.

Front 5

What are fungi?

Back 5

single or multicell eukaryotes; decompose dead organisms; found in soil and water environments.

Front 6

What are the main producers of antibiotics?

Back 6

Fungi

Front 7

What is protozoa?

Back 7

single cell eukaryotes; eat algae or other smaller microbes for food and are foind in water environments.

Front 8

Who invented the microscope?

Back 8

Anton van Leerwenhoek in 1670

Front 9

What is spontaneous generation?

Back 9

living things could arise from nonliving things.

Front 10

What is the germ theory of disease?

Back 10

microbe invades larger organism and causes disease.

Front 11

Who was Edward Jenner?

Back 11

used cowpox to immunize and protect against small pox.

Front 12

Who is Louis Pasteur?

Back 12

He was instrumental in disproving spontaneous generation. He invented the swan-neck flask.

Front 13

Who is Robert Koch?

Back 13

He found a way to grow bacteria in "pure culture". Found that one organism can cause one disease.

Front 14

What are aseptic techniques?

Back 14

techniques that eliminate or cut down the number of contaminated microbes.

Front 15

What invented penicillin?

Back 15

Alexander Fleming

Front 16

What are organic compounds?

Back 16

carbon based molecules

Front 17

What is oxidation?

Back 17

Removing electrons and adding oxygen

Front 18

What is a reduction reaction?

Back 18

adding electrons;electrons have energy

Front 19

Describe carbs.

Back 19

sugars;main energy for microbes; polar-interact well with water

Front 20

Describe lipids.

Back 20

most common is fat; nonpolar

Front 21

Describe proteins.

Back 21

polymer of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds; are enzymes and provide structural stability, receptors, and transport

Front 22

Describe nucleic acids.

Back 22

long polymer of nucleotides that contains genetic info for the microbe; dna and/or rna

Front 23

List characteristics of prokaryotes.

Back 23

-single cell
-all are bacteria
-no membrane bound organelles
-cell wall made of peptpglycagon
-binary fission
-asexual reproduction

Front 24

List characteristics of eukaryotes.

Back 24

-multicellular
-mitochondria, nucleus, ER
-no cell wall in animals
-cell wall in plants
-mitosis/meiosis
-genetic info in nucleus
-sexual or asexual

Front 25

What do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?

Back 25

-Genetic info in form of DNA
-cytoplasm
-cell membrane
-major metabolic processes will be similar.

Front 26

What is the cell wall?

Back 26

semirigid layer made of peptidoglycan that lies outside of cell membrane. Maintains cell shape, prevents the cell from bursting.

Front 27

Outer Membrane

Back 27

Decides what comes in and out of the cell bilayer membrane outside of cell wall; attached to cell wall.

Front 28

Periplasmic space

Back 28

gap between cell membrane and cell wall; large; assembling cell wall and metabolic activity.

Front 29

cell membrane

Back 29

controls entry/exit of substances into the cells

Front 30

Passive Transport

Back 30

substances move from high to low concentrations. no energy needed

Front 31

facilitated diffusion

Back 31

carrier proteins in the membrane "assist" the substance across the membrane.

Front 32

osmosis

Back 32

diffusion of water from high to low water concentration.

Front 33

tonicity

Back 33

behavior of cells in a fluid environment

Front 34

isotonic solution

Back 34

water concentration same on both sides of membranes. water moves in/out at same rate.

Front 35

hypertonic solution

Back 35

water concentration greater inside the cell;shrivels and dies

Front 36

hypotonic solution

Back 36

water concentration greater outside cell; swells and bursts

Front 37

active transport

Back 37

ATP is used to transport substances against the concentration gradient (low to high). Essential for any bacteria to survive. requires membrane proteins.

Front 38

cytoplasm

Back 38

semifluid substance inside the cell membrane; many reactions occur here.

Front 39

ribosomes

Back 39

site of protein synthesis; made of protein and RNA

Front 40

nuclear region

Back 40

mostly dna, rna, and protein

Front 41

endospore

Back 41

resting stage of certain bacteria that contains low water levels and are resistant to treating, dying, change in pH, disinfectants, and radiation

Front 42

flagella

Back 42

long and thin helical appendages that propel bacteria through liquid medium

Front 43

chemotaxis

Back 43

motion helps bacteria move towards attractants and away from repellents

Front 44

pili

Back 44

short, hollow projections on surface of bacteria; not involved in movement

Front 45

conjugation pili

Back 45

transfers genes

Front 46

attachment pili

Back 46

help baceria stick to surfaces

Front 47

casule

Back 47

protective polysaccharide coating outside of cell wall

Front 48

enzymes

Back 48

proteins that speed up chemical reactions; can be used over and over again.

Front 49

chemoheterotrophs

Back 49

getting energy from ready-made organic compounds

Front 50

Lag

Back 50

1st level; no division; replication of DNA, macromolecule synthesis; lots of ATP!

Front 51

Log

Back 51

2nd phase; bacteria divided at most rapid rate

Front 52

Stationary

Back 52

new cells are being made at the same rate as old ones are dying

Front 53

Death

Back 53

last phase, no cell division, cells are dying; exponential drop in number of cells

Front 54

acidophiles

Back 54

pH 0.1-5.4

Front 55

neutrophiles

Back 55

pH 5.4-8

Front 56

alkaliphiles

Back 56

pH 7-11.5

Front 57

obligate _____

Back 57

must grow at elevated pH

Front 58

facilitated ______

Back 58

prefers to grow at hight pH but can grow at low pH

Front 59

psychrophiles

Back 59

15-20 degrees C

Front 60

mesophiles

Back 60

grow best at 25-40 degrees C; most disease causes organisms

Front 61

thermophiles

Back 61

50-60 degrees C

Front 62

obligate aerobe

Back 62

must have oxygen for cellular respiration

Front 63

obligate anaerobe

Back 63

cannot tolerate oxygen; oxygen converted reactive is not good for this organism!

Front 64

microaerophiles

Back 64

grow best at low oxygen concentration

Front 65

facultative aerobe/anaerobe

Back 65

prefer to use oxygen for respiration but can grow anaerobically.

Front 66

aerotolerant anaerobes

Back 66

can tolerate oxygen but don't use it in their metabolism

Front 67

osmotic pressure

Back 67

most bacteria can tolerate large variations of dissolved substances. (because of cell wall)

Front 68

halophiles

Back 68

bacteria that require moderate-high levels of salt

Front 69

extremophiles

Back 69

microbes that thrive under extreme conditions; not associated with human disease.

Front 70

Why is carbon important?

Back 70

synthesis of all macromolecules, energy

Front 71

Why is nitrogen important?

Back 71

make proteins, nucleic acids

Front 72

Why is phosphorous important?

Back 72

ATP, proteins, nucleic acids, cell membranes

Front 73

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 73

getting energy from ready made organic compounds

Front 74

Glycolysist

Back 74

breakdown glucose to pyruvate, no oxygen needed

Front 75

Kreb's Cycle

Back 75

completely oxidize pyruvate to CO2

Front 76

fermentation

Back 76

pyruvate and converts H into products; no energy needed