Microbiology (Biol 251): Exam 3 (Pt. 2)

Front 1

List the 3 ways cells communicate.

Back 1

Surface receptors
Adhesion molecules
Cytokines

Front 2

surface receptors

Back 2

integral membrane proteins; can be bound by specific ligands floating in the ECM

Front 3

adhesion molecules

Back 3

exist on the surface of cells

Front 4

cytokines

Back 4

chemical messengers (proteins) of the immune system released into the blood; short-lived & bind to surface of cells

Front 5

List the 6 types of cytokines.

Back 5

Chemokines
Colony-stimulating factors
Interferons
Interleukins
Tumor necrosis factors
Pyrogens

Front 6

chemokines

Back 6

involved in chemotaxis

Front 7

colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

Back 7

calls for the production of more WBC

Front 8

interferons

Back 8

glycoproteins involved in the inflammation response & control of viral infections

Front 9

interleukins

Back 9

inflammation & adaptive immunity

Front 10

tumor necrosis factors (TNF)

Back 10

destroys tumor cells; inflammation; apoptosis

Front 11

pyrogen

Back 11

fever; substance that can cause a rise in body temperature

Front 12

List the 4 types of toll-like receptors.

Back 12

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
Flagellin (on bacteria)
Peptidoglycan (part of bacteria cell wall)
Bacterial nucleotide sequences

Front 13

Identify the 3 ways to turn on the Complement Cascade System.

Back 13

Complement proteins floating around run into and ...

A. Bind to Ag-Ab complex
B. Bind to mannin and lectin complex
C. Bind to anything!

Front 14

When mannin and lectin are bound together, what does that tell the immune system?

Back 14

There is an infection somewhere.

Front 15

Identify the 3 functions of the Complement Cascade System.

Back 15

Initiate inflammation.
Lyse foreign cells via MAC unit.
Opsonization.

Front 16

MAC unit

Back 16

(membrane attack complex) complement protein turns into a donut shaped structure and lyses other cells

Front 17

Phagocytosis involves what 2 human cells...

Back 17

Macrophages
Neutrophils

Front 18

Which is more powerful: macrophages or neutrophils?

Back 18

Neutrophils

Front 19

Where do macrophages live in the body and for how long?

Back 19

Always in tissue; live for months

Front 20

Pericardial cavity ???

Back 20

located between the visceral and parietal (wandständig) pericardium(Herzbeutel/Perikard);
filled with a thin layer of serous pericardial fluid;
helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac

Front 21

diapedesis

Back 21

dilated blood vessels stretch so much that neutrophils leak out of the vessel wall into the surrounding tissue

Front 22

inflammation

Back 22

a defensive response that serves to protect damaged tissues against infection (or a worsening of an existing infection)

Front 23

List the 4 steps of inflammation.

Back 23

1. Injury
2. Vessel dilation
3. WBC go to site of damage
4. Pus forms

Front 24

When is the only time interferons are turned on?

Back 24

When host cell detects double-stranded RNA, which humans DO NOT have.

Front 25

Normal body temp is 37°C. What is body temp when you have a fever (medically)?

Back 25

37.8°C

Front 26

Pyrogens are _________ that call for a fever to start.

Back 26

Pyrogens are CYTOKINES that call for a fever to start.

Front 27

Higher temps _____ growth of bacteria.

(increase / decrease)

Back 27

Higher temps DECREASE growth of bacteria.

Front 28

Which type of immunity involves Ab and Ag: innate or adaptive?

Back 28

Adaptive immunity

Front 29

primary response

Back 29

first exposure to an Ag, which will make you very, very sick

Front 30

secondary response

Back 30

any response after the primary response; sickness is less and reaction is quicker; only memory B-cells participate here

Front 31

antigen (Ag)

Back 31

protein or polysaccharide components of pathogens; have epitopes on them

Front 32

epitopes

Back 32

regions of an Ag that are recognized & bound by an Ab

Front 33

antibody (Ab)

Back 33

an immune system molecule that binds to the epitopes on antigens; shaped like the letter Y & there are different types

Front 34

Describe the structure of an Ab.

Back 34

4 subunits (all held by covalent disulfide bonds)
- 2 large
- 2 small
+ Antigen binding sites are the tips.
+ Variable region is right below antigen binding site.
+ Constant region is 75% lower portion.

Front 35

IgG (3)

Back 35

Longest living Ab (21 days)
Secondary immune response
Babies get it from mother's placenta & milk

Front 36

IgA (3)

Back 36

mostly exists as dimer (2 Ab)
In mucous membrane, saliva, breast milk
Babies get it from mother's milk for intestine protection

Front 37

IgM (4)

Back 37

5 Ab (pentomer); very large
Never leaves blood stream
Controls blood infections
Primary response

Front 38

IgE (2)

Back 38

Allergies
Parasite elimination

Front 39

IgD (1)

Back 39

activation of B-cells

Front 40

List the 6 functions of Ab.

Back 40

Neutralize
Immobilize
Agglutinate & Precipitate
Opsonization
Complement Activation
Ab-Dependent Cytotoxic

Front 41

How many Ag will you encounter in your life?

Back 41

Billions

Front 42

What changes on the Ab to code for a specific Ag?

Back 42

The variable region on the antibody; the tips of the Y.

Front 43

What cells make Ab?

Back 43

B-cells make Ab.

Front 44

B-cells eventually turn into _______ cells, but not all of them.

Back 44

B-cells eventually turn into PLASMA cells, but not all of them.

Front 45

Identify the function of plasma cells.

Back 45

Produce tons & tons of Ab to fight disease

Front 46

B-cells that do not turn into plasma cells, turn into what?

Back 46

Memory cells that are used in the secondary response.

Front 47

What initiates B-cell replication?

Back 47

T-cell has to release cytokines, which activates it.

Front 48

Identify the 4 steps T-dependent B-cells must take in order to activated fully.

Back 48

1. B-cell runs into Ag.
2. B-cell binds to it, chews it up, & displays it (MHC complex).
3. T-cell recognizes it & decides if its dangerous
4. If it is, T-cell releases cytokines

Front 49

T-independent B-cells (3)

Back 49

B-cells that don't need T-cell activation; they recognize LPS (or something else only bacteria have) and start making Ab
Weak response
Does NOT make memory cells

Front 50

Do T-cells produce Ab?

Back 50

No

Front 51

T-cells will only bind to __________.

Back 51

T-cells will only bind to MHC COMPLEX via B-cells.

Front 52

Identify the 2 types of T-cells.

Back 52

T-helper cells
T-cytotoxic cells

Front 53

Identify the function of T-helper cells.

Back 53

Release cytokines to increase B-cell & memory cell production

(macrophages) Release cytokines leading to increase in lysosomes & nitric oxide

Front 54

Identify the function of T-cytotoxic cells.

Back 54

Kill infected cells, cancer cells, & alerts neighboring cells of danger

Front 55

perforins

Back 55

punch holes in membranes

Tip: perforate

Front 56

protease

Back 56

destroys all types of proteins

Front 57

What tells T-cells than an Ag is bad?

Back 57

Dendrites... Dendrites know because of toll-like receptors.

Dendrites also activate T-cells.

Front 58

Identify the function of NK cells.

Back 58

Binds to the constant region of Ab to kill infected, diseased cells; ends in apoptosis

Front 59

active immunity

Back 59

the result of an immune response in your body upon exposure to an Ag; can be natural or artificial

Front 60

natural active immunity

Back 60

you get sick & recover; Ab are produced

Front 61

artificial active immunity

Back 61

immunization program; Ag is injected and Ab are produced

Front 62

passive immunity

Back 62

antibodies are produced by one individual and then acquired by another; can be natural or artificial

Front 63

active passive immunity

Back 63

IgG crosses from mother to fetus; IgA comes from mother to baby from milk

Front 64

artificial passive immunity

Back 64

injection contains Ab already made; i.e. tetanus

Front 65

attenuated vaccine

Back 65

weakened form of disease-causing organism or virus; leads to production of immune response, but not the disease

Front 66

inactivated vaccines

Back 66

no longer able to replicate

Front 67

inactivated whole-agent vaccines

Back 67

contains killed microorgs or inactivated viruses through treatment with Formalin

Front 68

Which type of vaccine needs booster shots?

Back 68

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines

Front 69

Which type of vaccine may cause the disease if it converts to wild type?

Back 69

Attenuated vaccine

Front 70

Which type of vaccine is so weak that it needs adjuvant?

Back 70

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines

Front 71

wWhich type of vaccine makes Ab against many different epitopes of the same disease?

Back 71

Attenuated vaccine

Front 72

toxoid

Back 72

works against a toxin produced produced by a microorg, i.e. diptheria & tetanus

Front 73

protein subunit

Back 73

consists of key protein Ag, i.e. whooping cough or pertussis vaccine

Front 74

genetic recombinant

Back 74

can make yeast produce gene coding for the protein coat of Hep B virus

Front 75

polysaccharide virus

Back 75

could recognize components of the capsule of microorgs, i.e. flu, pneumonia

Front 76

adjuvant

Back 76

sometimes combined w/ vaccines if they are too weak/small to illicit an immune response; (aluminum hydroxide aluminum phosphate)

Front 77

List the 4 types of hypersensitivities.

Back 77

IgE mediated
Cytotoxic
Complex Mediated
Delay Mediated

Front 78

How do you treat IgE mediated hypersensitivites?

Back 78

Antihistamine drug (inflammation, etc.)

Albuterol/steroid drugs (affects respiratory system)

Adrenalin (when systemic anaphylaxis)

Front 79

Are Ab involved in delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity?

Back 79

No, they are not.

Front 80

What hypersensitivity are these involved in?

TB Skin Test
Poison Oak/Ivy
HIV
Leprosy

Back 80

Delayed cell-mediated

Front 81

What hypersensitivity is this involved in?

Transplanted organs

Back 81

Delayed cell-mediated

Front 82

What is the treatment after a transplanted organ?

Back 82

Cyclosporin (fungus), which halts T-cell production