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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the 3 ways cells communicate.
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Surface receptors
Adhesion molecules Cytokines |
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surface receptors
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integral membrane proteins; can be bound by specific ligands floating in the ECM
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adhesion molecules
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exist on the surface of cells
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cytokines
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chemical messengers (proteins) of the immune system released into the blood; short-lived & bind to surface of cells
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List the 6 types of cytokines.
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Chemokines
Colony-stimulating factors Interferons Interleukins Tumor necrosis factors Pyrogens |
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chemokines
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involved in chemotaxis
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colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
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calls for the production of more WBC
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interferons
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glycoproteins involved in the inflammation response & control of viral infections
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interleukins
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inflammation & adaptive immunity
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tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
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destroys tumor cells; inflammation; apoptosis
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pyrogen
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fever; substance that can cause a rise in body temperature
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List the 4 types of toll-like receptors.
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LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
Flagellin (on bacteria) Peptidoglycan (part of bacteria cell wall) Bacterial nucleotide sequences |
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Identify the 3 ways to turn on the Complement Cascade System.
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Complement proteins floating around run into and ...
A. Bind to Ag-Ab complex B. Bind to mannin and lectin complex C. Bind to anything! |
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When mannin and lectin are bound together, what does that tell the immune system?
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There is an infection somewhere.
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Identify the 3 functions of the Complement Cascade System.
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Initiate inflammation.
Lyse foreign cells via MAC unit. Opsonization. |
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MAC unit
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(membrane attack complex) complement protein turns into a donut shaped structure and lyses other cells
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Phagocytosis involves what 2 human cells...
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Macrophages
Neutrophils |
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Which is more powerful: macrophages or neutrophils?
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Neutrophils
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Where do macrophages live in the body and for how long?
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Always in tissue; live for months
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Pericardial cavity ???
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located between the visceral and parietal (wandständig) pericardium(Herzbeutel/Perikard);
filled with a thin layer of serous pericardial fluid; helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac |
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diapedesis
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dilated blood vessels stretch so much that neutrophils leak out of the vessel wall into the surrounding tissue
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inflammation
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a defensive response that serves to protect damaged tissues against infection (or a worsening of an existing infection)
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List the 4 steps of inflammation.
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1. Injury
2. Vessel dilation 3. WBC go to site of damage 4. Pus forms |
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When is the only time interferons are turned on?
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When host cell detects double-stranded RNA, which humans DO NOT have.
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Normal body temp is 37°C. What is body temp when you have a fever (medically)?
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37.8°C
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Pyrogens are _________ that call for a fever to start.
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Pyrogens are CYTOKINES that call for a fever to start.
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Higher temps _____ growth of bacteria.
(increase / decrease) |
Higher temps DECREASE growth of bacteria.
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Which type of immunity involves Ab and Ag: innate or adaptive?
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Adaptive immunity
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primary response
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first exposure to an Ag, which will make you very, very sick
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secondary response
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any response after the primary response; sickness is less and reaction is quicker; only memory B-cells participate here
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antigen (Ag)
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protein or polysaccharide components of pathogens; have epitopes on them
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epitopes
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regions of an Ag that are recognized & bound by an Ab
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antibody (Ab)
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an immune system molecule that binds to the epitopes on antigens; shaped like the letter Y & there are different types
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Describe the structure of an Ab.
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4 subunits (all held by covalent disulfide bonds)
- 2 large - 2 small + Antigen binding sites are the tips. + Variable region is right below antigen binding site. + Constant region is 75% lower portion. |
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IgG (3)
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Longest living Ab (21 days)
Secondary immune response Babies get it from mother's placenta & milk |
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IgA (3)
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mostly exists as dimer (2 Ab)
In mucous membrane, saliva, breast milk Babies get it from mother's milk for intestine protection |
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IgM (4)
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5 Ab (pentomer); very large
Never leaves blood stream Controls blood infections Primary response |
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IgE (2)
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Allergies
Parasite elimination |
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IgD (1)
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activation of B-cells
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List the 6 functions of Ab.
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Neutralize
Immobilize Agglutinate & Precipitate Opsonization Complement Activation Ab-Dependent Cytotoxic |
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How many Ag will you encounter in your life?
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Billions
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What changes on the Ab to code for a specific Ag?
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The variable region on the antibody; the tips of the Y.
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What cells make Ab?
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B-cells make Ab.
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B-cells eventually turn into _______ cells, but not all of them.
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B-cells eventually turn into PLASMA cells, but not all of them.
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Identify the function of plasma cells.
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Produce tons & tons of Ab to fight disease
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B-cells that do not turn into plasma cells, turn into what?
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Memory cells that are used in the secondary response.
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What initiates B-cell replication?
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T-cell has to release cytokines, which activates it.
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Identify the 4 steps T-dependent B-cells must take in order to activated fully.
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1. B-cell runs into Ag.
2. B-cell binds to it, chews it up, & displays it (MHC complex). 3. T-cell recognizes it & decides if its dangerous 4. If it is, T-cell releases cytokines |
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T-independent B-cells (3)
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B-cells that don't need T-cell activation; they recognize LPS (or something else only bacteria have) and start making Ab
Weak response Does NOT make memory cells |
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Do T-cells produce Ab?
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No
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T-cells will only bind to __________.
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T-cells will only bind to MHC COMPLEX via B-cells.
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Identify the 2 types of T-cells.
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T-helper cells
T-cytotoxic cells |
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Identify the function of T-helper cells.
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Release cytokines to increase B-cell & memory cell production
(macrophages) Release cytokines leading to increase in lysosomes & nitric oxide |
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Identify the function of T-cytotoxic cells.
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Kill infected cells, cancer cells, & alerts neighboring cells of danger
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perforins
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punch holes in membranes
Tip: perforate |
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protease
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destroys all types of proteins
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What tells T-cells than an Ag is bad?
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Dendrites... Dendrites know because of toll-like receptors.
Dendrites also activate T-cells. |
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Identify the function of NK cells.
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Binds to the constant region of Ab to kill infected, diseased cells; ends in apoptosis
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active immunity
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the result of an immune response in your body upon exposure to an Ag; can be natural or artificial
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natural active immunity
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you get sick & recover; Ab are produced
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artificial active immunity
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immunization program; Ag is injected and Ab are produced
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passive immunity
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antibodies are produced by one individual and then acquired by another; can be natural or artificial
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active passive immunity
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IgG crosses from mother to fetus; IgA comes from mother to baby from milk
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artificial passive immunity
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injection contains Ab already made; i.e. tetanus
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attenuated vaccine
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weakened form of disease-causing organism or virus; leads to production of immune response, but not the disease
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inactivated vaccines
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no longer able to replicate
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inactivated whole-agent vaccines
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contains killed microorgs or inactivated viruses through treatment with Formalin
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Which type of vaccine needs booster shots?
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Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
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Which type of vaccine may cause the disease if it converts to wild type?
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Attenuated vaccine
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Which type of vaccine is so weak that it needs adjuvant?
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Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
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wWhich type of vaccine makes Ab against many different epitopes of the same disease?
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Attenuated vaccine
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toxoid
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works against a toxin produced produced by a microorg, i.e. diptheria & tetanus
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protein subunit
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consists of key protein Ag, i.e. whooping cough or pertussis vaccine
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genetic recombinant
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can make yeast produce gene coding for the protein coat of Hep B virus
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polysaccharide virus
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could recognize components of the capsule of microorgs, i.e. flu, pneumonia
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adjuvant
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sometimes combined w/ vaccines if they are too weak/small to illicit an immune response; (aluminum hydroxide aluminum phosphate)
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List the 4 types of hypersensitivities.
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IgE mediated
Cytotoxic Complex Mediated Delay Mediated |
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How do you treat IgE mediated hypersensitivites?
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Antihistamine drug (inflammation, etc.)
Albuterol/steroid drugs (affects respiratory system) Adrenalin (when systemic anaphylaxis) |
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Are Ab involved in delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity?
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No, they are not.
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What hypersensitivity are these involved in?
TB Skin Test Poison Oak/Ivy HIV Leprosy |
Delayed cell-mediated
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What hypersensitivity is this involved in?
Transplanted organs |
Delayed cell-mediated
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What is the treatment after a transplanted organ?
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Cyclosporin (fungus), which halts T-cell production
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